. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 18.

Published in final edited form as: Kidney Int. 2015 Apr 8;88(2):226–234. doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.115

Table 3. Drug toxicity mechanism and timing for Tubular and Nephrolithiasis phenotypes.

Drug	Tubular		Nephrolithiasis		Time Course	Genetic Mechanism
Drug	Type A	Type B	Type A	Type B	Time Course	Genetic Mechanism
Acyclovir			X		SA	OAT
Atazanavir			X		SA
Cisplatin	X				SA/Chronic	OAT
Didanosine	X				SA	OAT/Mitochondria
Foscarnet	X				SA	NaPO4 transport
Ifosfamide	X				SA/Chronic	OAT
Indinavir			X		SA	OCT
Lamivudine	X				SA	OAT
Lithium	X				SA/Chronic	VA receptors
Ritonavir	X				SA	MRP 2,4 PGP
Tenofovir	X				SA	OAT

Type A= dose dependent toxicity, Type B= idiosyncratic, acute = within 7 days of drug initiation, SA = sub-acute, occurs within 4 weeks of drug exposure and may take up to 90 days to resolve, chronic = injury persisting beyond 90 days, OAT=organic anion transporter, HLA = human leukocyte antigen, CYP = cytochrome P450, PGP = p-glycoprotein, MRP = multi-drug resistance associated protein