Table 1.
Plastome Content of Nonphotosynthetic Land Plants, and Age of Parasitism/Mycoheterotrophy
| Name | Type of Parasitism | Number of Functional Genes/RNAsa | Source | Age of Parasitism or Mycoheterotrophyb(Myr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pilostyles aethiopica (Apodanthaceae) | Endo-holoparasite | 5? | This study | < 81 (62-98), Bellot and Renner 2014b |
| Pilostyles hamiltonii (Apodanthaceae) | Endo-holoparasite | 5? | This study | < 81 (62-98), Bellot and Renner 2014b |
| Rafflesia lagascae (Rafflesiaceae) | Endo-holoparasite | Plastome not found | Molina et al. 2014 | < 95 (83-109), Bendiksby et al. 2010 |
| Aneura mirabilis (Aneuraceae, Liverworts) | Exo-holomycotroph | 92 | Wickett et al. 2008 | ? |
| Corallorhiza var. maculata (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 89 | Barrett et al. 2014 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Corallorhiza var. occidentalis (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 88 | Barrett et al. 2014 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Corallorhiza mertensiana (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 90 | Barrett et al. 2014 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Corallorhiza striata (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 82 | Barrett and Davis 2012 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Epipogium aphyllum (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 38 | Schelkunov et al. 2015 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Epipogium roseum (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 30 | Schelkunov et al. 2015 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Neottia nidus-avis (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 59 | Logacheva et al. 2011 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Petrosavia stellaris (Petrosaviaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 72 | Logacheva et al. 2014 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Rhizantella gardneri (Orchidaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 32 | Delannoy et al. 2011 | ≪ 49, Epidendroideae; Lovisa et al. 2010 |
| Sciaphila densiflora (Triuridaceae) | Exo-holomycotroph | 28 | Lam et al. 2015 | ≪ 90-50 Triuridaceae; Mennes et al. 2013 |
| Boulardia latisquama (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 54 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Cistanche deserticola (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 62 | Li et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Cistanche phelypaea (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 60 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Conopholis americana (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 49 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Cuscuta gronovii (Convolvulaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 89 | Funk et al. 2007 | < 35 (13-57) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Cuscuta obtusiflora (Convolvulaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 92 | McNeal et al. 2007 | < 35 (13-57) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Epifagus virginiana (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 51 | Wolfe et al. 1992 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Myzorrhiza californica (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 78 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Orobanche crenata (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 63 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Orobanche gracilis (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 58 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Phelipanche purpurea (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 60 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
| Phelipanche ramose (Orobanchaceae) | Exo-holoparasite | 57 | Wicke et al. 2013 | < 32 (13-52) Naumann et al. 2013 |
a
The number of genes in a typical angiosperm is 116 (from Barrett et al. 2014), whereas for photosynthetic Aneura it is 121 (Wickett et al. 2008).
b
The age of parasitism/mycoheterotrophy is younger than the stem age of the respective parasite/mycoheterotrophic clade.