Table 1.
Participant characteristics and drug use history
| Entire Sample (N=460) | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Variable | N (%) |
|
| |
| Demographic | |
|
| |
| Male | 443 (96.3%) |
| Age, mean ± SD | 38.8 ± 9.2 |
| High school graduate | 217 (47.1%) |
| Single | 337 (73.3%) |
| Stable housing | 383 (83.3%) |
| At or above poverty | 356 (77.4%) |
| Malay | 416 (90.4%) |
| Indian | 31 (6.7%) |
| Chinese | 12 (2.6%) |
|
| |
| Age of first drug injection | |
|
| |
| Mean ± SD | 15.0 ± 9.2 |
|
| |
| Past drug usea | |
|
| |
| Opioid-dependent | 456 (99.1%) |
| Heroin | 437 (95.0%) |
| Methadone | 200 (43.5%) |
| Methamphetamines | 198 (43.0%) |
| Benzodiazepines | 197 (42.8%) |
| Buprenorphine | 129 (28.0%) |
| Poly-substance use | 338 (73.5%) |
|
| |
| Medical History+ | |
|
| |
| Withdrawal | 436 (94.8%) |
| Hospitalization | 52 (11.3%) |
| HIV positive | 73 (15.9%) |
|
| |
| Non-OMT Treatment Historya | |
|
| |
| Compulsory drug detention center | 283 (61.5%) |
| Religious detoxification | 201 (43.6%) |
| Narcotics Anonymous | 36 (7.8%) |
| Hospital detoxification | 35 (7.6%) |
| Therapeutic community (Pengasih) | 24 (5.2%) |
|
| |
| Previous OMT Historyb | |
|
| |
| Buprenorphine | 58 (12.6%) |
| Methadone | 43 (9.3%) |
a
Assessed in the prior 6 months.
b
Assessed for lifetime