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. 2016 Feb 3;4(3):e12695. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12695

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© 2016 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Heart rate (HR) is regulated by extracellular calcium concentration in cold‐conditioned larvae (10°C). (A) The larva heart tube is located between the two trachea in a dissected preparation. The posterior region is the true heart where the rates are measured. (B) Changing the buffer from 0.5 to 1.0 mmol/L Ca²⁺ increased HR in all preparations (P < 0.05, nonparametric analysis). These are the control background strain UAS‐ChR2.XXL fed ATR.