(a) The normalised H.A. indexes of the daf-11(m47), tax-2(p671), tax-4(ks28) and genetically rescued worms in the WSA assay. (b) Avoidance ratio of daf-11(m47) in the water drop test. (c,d) Photo-activation of BlgC in daf-11-expressing neurons rescued the hydrotaxis defects in daf-11(m47) mutants in the drop test (c) and the WSA assay (d). (e) The normalised H.A. indexes of the tax-2(ks31) mutants treated with a temperature shift for 24 h at young adulthood after being raised at the permissive or restrictive temperature in the WSA assay. (f) The normalised H.A. indexes of the GPCR and G-protein mutants and worms rescued with full-length genomic DNA in the WSA assay. (g) The normalised H.A. indexes of the daf-11, tax-2, tax-4, grk-2, str-3, gpa-2, and gpa-3 mutants and genetically rescued worms in the four-quadrant agarose (6%-2%) assay with equal concentrations of Na+. The data for each genotype are normalised to the corresponding wild-type N2 control and are shown as only one bar. The number of independent tests for each genotype is indicated on the bar. Statistics: ###P ≤ 0.001 compared with each N2 control; ns, not significant; **P ≤ 0.01 and ***P ≤ 0.001 compared as indicated (Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test, depending on the normality of the data distribution). The error bars indicate the SEM. WT, wild-type; H.A., hydroaversive.