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. 2016 Feb 19;6:21681. doi: 10.1038/srep21681

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DGC cells secrete GDF15 proteins into the cancer stroma, followed by stromal fibroblast activation. Activated fibroblasts increase the proliferative capacity and express abundant ECM proteins and growth factors. Secreted ECM proteins and growth factors, such as ASPN, POSTN and CTGF, promote the proliferation and invasion of DGC cells.