Table 3.
Risk factors associated with prevalent HIV and HSV-2 infection in female students
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | % (n/N) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| HIV | ||||||
| Age | < 18 years | 18.9% (252/1335) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| ≥ 18 years | 48.9% (43/88) | 4.15 (2.93 – 5.88) | <0.001 | 2.67 (1.67 – 4.27) | <0.001 | |
| Pregnant | Negative | 6.2% (84/1363) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 6.1% (3/49) | 0.97 (0.29 – 3.19) | 0.959 | 0.64 (0.17 – 2.73) | 0.551 | |
| HSV-2 | Negative | 4.3% (55/1274) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 22.3% (33/148) | 6.32 (3.94 – 10.14) | <0.001 | 4.35 (2.61 – 7.24) | <.001 | |
| Head of household | Both parents | 6.8% (15/222) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Father only | 5% (23/457) | 1.45 (0.68 – 3.06) | 0.337 | 1.26 (0.59 – 2.73) | 0.551 | |
| Mother only | 5% (14/283) | 1.04 (0.53 – 2.06) | 0.905 | 0.82 (0.38 – 1.79) | 0.621 | |
| Other | 8% (36/449) | 1.73 (0.92 – 3.28) | 0.091 | 1.80 (0.93 – 3.49) | 0.082 | |
| Adult deaths in household in last year | 0 | 4.5% (34/751) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 1 | 6% (17/285) | 1.37 (0.75 – 2.49) | 0.309 | 1.30 (0.65 – 2.58) | 0.455 | |
| > 1 | 10% (37/370) | 2.37 (1.46 – 3.85) | 0.001 | 1.97 (1.13 – 3.44) | 0.016 | |
| Ever been pregnant | No | 5% (63/1258) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 17% (25/147) | 3.89 (2.36 – 6.41) | <.001 | 1.66 (1.10 – 2.51) | 0.016 | |
| Relative partner age* | Peers or younger | 14.7% (28/191) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| ≥ 4 years older | 11.7% (14/120) | 0.77 (0.42 – 1.41) | 0.403 | |||
| Threat of violence | No | 6.0% (78/1311) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 10.5% (10/95) | 1.72 (0.92 – 3.22) | 0.090 | 1.09 (0.76 – 1.57) | 0.645 | |
| HSV-2 | ||||||
| Age | < 18 years | 17.0% (217/1274) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| ≥ 18 years | 52.7% (78/148) | 5.39 (4.00 – 7.27) | <0.001 | 3.20 (2.33 – 4.38) | <0.001 | |
| Pregnant | Negative | 6.2% (84/1363) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 6.1% (3/49) | 0.97 (0.29 – 3.19) | 0.959 | 1.37 (0.63 – 2.97) | 0.425 | |
| HIV | Negative | 4.3% (55/1274) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 22.3% (33/148) | 6.32 (3.94 – 10.14) | <0.001 | 4.34 (2.64 – 7.13) | <.001 | |
| Head of household | Both parents | 6.8% (15/222) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Father only | 5% (23/457) | 1.45 (0.68 – 3.06) | 0.337 | 1.12 (0.59 – 2.11) | 0.737 | |
| Mother only | 5% (14/283) | 1.04 (0.53 – 2.06) | 0.905 | 1.68 (1.02 – 2.75) | 0.041 | |
| Other | 8% (36/449) | 1.73 (0.92 – 3.28) | 0.091 | 1.16 (0.65 – 2.10) | 0.615 | |
| Adult deaths in household in last year | 0 | 4.5% (34/751) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 1 | 6% (17/285) | 1.37 (0.75 – 2.49) | 0.309 | 1.41 (0.92 – 2.14) | 0.112 | |
| > 1 | 10% (37/370) | 2.37 (1.46 – 3.85) | 0.001 | 1.13 (0.70 – 1.83) | 0.618 | |
| Ever been pregnant | No | 5% (63/1258) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 17% (25/147) | 3.89 (2.36 – 6.41) | <0.001 | 2.52 (1.58 – 4.03) | <0.001 | |
| Relative partner age* | Peers or younger | 24.6 (47/191) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| 4–7 years older | 25.8 (31/120) | 1.05 (0.71 – 1.55) | 0.799 | |||
| Threat of violence | No | 9.5 (125/1311) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 22.3 (21/94) | 2.34 (1.55 – 3.54) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.30 – 2.95) | 0.001 | |
| Pregnancy | ||||||
| Age | < 18 years | 20.0% (273/1363) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| ≥ 18 years | 38.8% (19/49) | 2.68 (1.75 – 4.11) | <0.001 | 2.27 (1.22 – 4.23) | 0.010 | |
| HIV | Negative | 3.5% (46/1319) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 3.5% (3/87) | 1.00 (0.27 – 3.74) | 0.995 | 0.58 (0.16 – 2.18) | 0.422 | |
| HSV-2 | Negative | 3.2% (40/1258) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 6.1% (9/147) | 1.98 (0.88 – 4.49) | 0.100 | 1.22 (0.52 – 2.88) | 0.645 | |
| Head of household | Both parents | 2.9% (8/280) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Father only | 3.2% (7/219) | 1.17 (0.51 – 2.70) | 0.714 | 1.08 (0.45 – 2.58) | 0.863 | |
| Mother only | 4.2% (19/451) | 1.56 (0.65 – 3.75) | 0.316 | 1.37 (0.54 – 3.47) | 0.513 | |
| Other | 3.4% (15/444) | 1.24 (0.46 – 3.30) | 0.671 | 1.21 (0.44 – 3.32) | 0.713 | |
| Adult deaths in household in last year | 0 | 2.3% (17/742) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 1 | 5.3% (15/282) | 2.45 (1.20 – 5.00) | 0.014 | 2.28 (1.17 – 4.43) | 0.015 | |
| > 1 | 4.6% (17/366) | 2.12 (1.11 – 4.05) | 0.022 | 1.78 (0.91 – 3.48) | 0.091 | |
| Ever been pregnant | No | 3.1% (38/1242) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 7.5% (11/146) | 2.72 (1.59 – 4.65) | <0.001 | 1.61 (0.79 – 3.28) | 0.187 | |
| Relative partner* age | Peers or younger | 8.4% (16/191) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| ≥ 4 years older | 6.8% (8/118) | 0.8 (0.42 – 1.51) | 0.4835 | |||
| Threat of violence for sex | No | 3.4% (44/1302) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 5.4% (5/93) | 1.61 (0.88 – 2.95) | 0.1189 | 1.17 (0.6 – 2.27) | 0.647 | |
*
Relative partner age could not be included in the multivariate analysis because of the high frequency of missing data for this variable.