Table 1. Summary of laboratory-based studies testing hydrocarbon toxicity to reproduction and early life stages of corals and a sponge.
| Species | Hydrocarbon | Endpoint | WAF Chemistry | Effect concentration (WAF% or μg l−1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coral | |||||
| Stylophora pistillata | Crude oil | Mortality, metamorphosis | No | LOEC Survival: 1% LOEC Meta: 1% | 23 |
| Pocillopora damicornis | Unleaded gasoline:engine oil (50:1) and benzene | Mortality, metamorphosis | No | Not consistently observed | 55 |
| Acropora tenuis | Fuel oil 467 | Fertilization | THC | LOEC Fert: 2 | 56 |
| Acropora millepora | Heavy crude oil | Fertilization, metamorphosis | THC | LOEC Fert: 165 LOEC Meta: 82 | 31 |
| A. millepora | Produced formation water | Fertilization, metamorphosis | THC | LOEC Fert: 72 LOEC Meta: 36 | 31 |
| S. pistillata | crude oil | Metamorphosis, morphology | No | LOEC Meta: 0.1%, LOEC Deform.: 1% WAF | 57 |
| A. tenuis | Fuel oil 467 | Larval survival | THC | LC50 3800 | 32 |
| Goniastrea aspera | LOEC 6800 | ||||
| Platygyra sinensis | No observed effect | ||||
| A. microphthalma | Marine lubricants | Fertilization | THC | LOEC: 200 | 34 |
| P.damicornis | Natural gas condensate | Larval mortality, Metamorphosis, Juvenile growth | No | Mortality: > 100% Growth: > 100% | 58 |
| Pocillopora verrucosa | Mort: > 100%, LOEC Meta: 100%, Growth: 100% | ||||
| Seriatopora hystrix | Mort.: 100% LOEC Meta: 50% Growth: 100% | ||||
| S.guttatus | Mort.: 100%, LOEC Meta: 50%, Growth: 10% | ||||
| S. pistillata | Mort.:0 > 100%, LOEC Meta: 100%, Growth: 10% | ||||
| P. damicornis | Natural gas condensate | Larval abortion (early release) | No | Abortion: 50% | 59 |
| Montastraea faveolata | Light crude oil | Metamorphosis, swimming, & mortality | THC | LOEC Mort: 650 LOEC Meta: 650 | 30 |
| Porites astreoides | Larval mortality | LOEC Survival: 620 LOEC Meta: 620 | |||
| Agaricia humilis | Seawater from a light crude spill and Lab WAF | Larval mortality, metamorphosis | THC | Mortality: 550 Meta: 145 | 60 |
| Orbicella faveolata | Mortality: 135 | ||||
| Meta: 135 | |||||
| Sponge | |||||
| Crambe crambe | PAH mix | Larval metamorphosis | No | LOEC Meta: 0.5 | 35 |
Where LOEC = lowest observed effect concentration, WAF = water accommodated fraction, Met. = metamorphosis, Fert. = fertilization, Deform. = deformation, Mort = mortality. LC50 is the lethal concentration for 50% mortality. THC = total hydrocarbons.