Table 1.
Characteristics of Women ≥80 Years of Age Grouped by Cognitive Impairment Status: Mean (SD) or Frequency (percent).
| Characteristic | Preserved Cognitive Function, N = 1,905 | Cognitive Impairment*, N = 323 | p Value** |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current age | 84.6 (3.3) | 85.4 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Education (Miss = 4) | |||
| High school or less | 453 (23.8) | 114 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| Post high school | 936 (49.2) | 138 (42.9) | |
| Post college graduation | 513 (27.0) | 70 (21.7) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| African-American | 94 (4.9) | 35 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 26 (1.4) | 7 (2.2) | |
| Other, multiple | 57 (3.0) | 12 (3.7) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1,728 (90.7) | 269 (83.3) | |
| Marriage status (Miss = 3) | |||
| Never/divorced | 275 (14.5) | 45 (13.9) | 0.002 |
| Widowed | 518 (27.2) | 119 (36.8) | |
| Married/relationship | 1,109 (58.3) | 159 (49.2) | |
| Family income (Miss = 115) | |||
| <$35K | 881 (48.7) | 194 (64.0) | <0.001 |
| >$35K | 929 (51.3) | 109 (36.0) | |
| Smoking (Miss = 20) | |||
| Never | 1,041 (55.2) | 193 (60.1) | 0.22 |
| Former | 760 (40.3) | 117 (36.4) | |
| Current | 86 (4.6) | 11 (3.4) | |
| Alcohol intake (Miss = 3) | |||
| None | 829 (43.6) | 187 (57.9) | <0.001 |
| <1/day | 887 (46.6) | 111 (34.4) | |
| 1+/day | 186 (9.8) | 25 (7.7) | |
| Self-reported health (Miss = 50) | |||
| Excellent | 174 (9.3) | 18 (5.7) | 0.002 |
| Very good | 745 (40.0) | 109 (34.7) | |
| Good | 769 (41.3) | 140 (44.6) | |
| Fair/poor | 176 (9.4) | 47 (15.0) | |
| BMI (Miss = 25) | |||
| <25kg/m2 | 523 (27.8) | 106 (33.2) | 0.14 |
| 25–29kg/m2 | 698 (37.0) | 109 (34.2) | |
| 30kg/m2 | 663 (35.2) | 104 (32.6) | |
| Recreational physical activity, METS h/wk (Miss = 1) | 12.0 (13.2) | 10.7 (13.7) | 0.10 |
| Moderate/strenuous activity, min/wk (Miss = 28) | 60.5 (99.5) | 60.8 (114.7) | 0.97 |
| Walking, METS h/wk (Miss = 28) | 2.94 (4.80) | 3.03 (5.08) | 0.75 |
| WHI-HT assignment | |||
| Placebo | 972 (51.0) | 167 (51.7) | 0.82 |
| HT | 933 (49.0) | 156 (48.3) | |
| Prior HT use | |||
| No | 1,327 (69.7) | 224 (69.4) | 0.91 |
| Yes | 578 (30.3) | 99 (30.6) | |
| Antidepressant use | |||
| No | 1,749 (91.8) | 297 (92.0) | 0.93 |
| Yes | 156 (8.2) | 26 (8.0) | |
| Antihypertensive use | |||
| No | 641 (33.6) | 120 (37.2) | 0.22 |
| Yes | 1,264 (66.4) | 203 (62.8) | |
| Lipid-lowering drug use | |||
| No | 1,102 (57.8) | 205 (63.5) | 0.06 |
| Yes | 803 (42.2) | 118 (36.5) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 1,613 (84.7) | 254 (78.6) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 292 (15.3) | 69 (21.4) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| No | 1,472 (77.3) | 239 (74.0) | 0.20 |
| Yes | 433 (22.7) | 84 (26.0) | |
| SF-36 pain (Miss = 50) | 65.2 (25.8) | 64.5 (27.1) | 0.68 |
| Social support (Miss = 167) | 36.8 (7.6) | 35.4 (8.3) | 0.004 |
| Optimism (Miss = 78) | 23.7 (3.1) | 23.0 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Emotional wellbeing (Miss = 80) | 82.0 (12.6) | 78.7 (14.5) | <0.001 |
| Happiness (Miss = 38) | |||
| All or most of the time | 1,351 (72.1) | 205 (64.9) | 0.009 |
| Less than most of the time | 523 (27.9) | 111 (35.1) | |
| Stressful life event score (Miss = 257) | 2.59 (2.70) | 2.65 (2.64) | 0.72 |
| Physical function score (Miss = 134) | 62.1 (25.4) | 59.9 (26.3) | 0.17 |
| GDS score (Miss = 20) | 1.80 (2.18) | 2.80 (2.91) | <0.001 |
| WHI Insomnia Rating Scale (Miss = 21) | 5.84 (4.10) | 5.04 (4.48) | 0.002 |
| APOE (imputed; Miss = 647) | |||
| ε4 carrier | 277 (20.2%) | 73 (34.4%) | <0.001 |
| Not ε4 carrier | 1,092 (79.8%) | 139 (65.6%) | |
Notes: Miss = missing; BMI = body mass index; METS = metabolic equivalent of tasks; WHI = women’s health initiative; HT = hormone therapy; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; APOE = apolipoprotein E; ε: Epsilon.
*Mild cognitive impairment, N = 88; Probable dementia, N = 121; Unable to classify—cognitive impairment, N = 114.
**Chi-square test or t-test.