Table 2.
Characteristics of Women ≥80 Years of Age With Preserved Cognitive Functioning Separated Based on Sustained High Preserved Cognitive Function Relative to Comparison Group: Mean (SD) or Percent
| Characteristics | Preserved Cognitive Function-Sustained High (TICS-m ≥ 39), N = 255 | Preserved Cognitive Function-Sustained Low (TICS-m < 39), N = 1,369 | p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current age | 83.7 (3.0) | 84.9 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Education (Miss = 3) | |||
| High school or less | 39 (15.4) | 352 (25.8) | <0.001 |
| Post high school | 117 (46.1) | 688 (50.3) | |
| Post college graduation | 98 (38.6) | 327 (23.9) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| African-American | 9 (3.5) | 75 (5.5) | 0.35 |
| Hispanic | 4 (1.6) | 18 (1.3) | |
| Other | 5 (2.0) | 46 (3.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 237 (92.9) | 1,230 (89.8) | |
| Marriage status (Miss = 2) | |||
| Never/divorced | 26 (10.2) | 199 (14.6) | 0.19 |
| Widowed | 73 (28.7) | 375 (27.4) | |
| Married/relationship | 155 (61.0) | 794 (58.0) | |
| Family income (Miss = 74) | |||
| <$35K | 99 (41.4) | 679 (51.8) | 0.003 |
| ≥$35K | 140 (58.6) | 632 (48.2) | |
| Smoking (Miss = 16) | |||
| Never | 136 (53.3) | 748 (55.3) | 0.31 |
| Former | 103 (40.4) | 549 (40.6) | |
| Current | 16 (6.3) | 56 (4.1) | |
| Alcohol intake (Miss = 2) | |||
| None | 95 (37.2) | 626 (45.8) | 0.03 |
| <1/day | 130 (51.0) | 622 (45.5) | |
| 1+/day | 30 (11.8) | 119 (8.7) | |
| Self-reported health (Miss = 37) | |||
| Excellent | 44 (17.5) | 105 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Very good | 109 (43.2) | 518 (38.8) | |
| Good | 82 (32.5) | 578 (43.3) | |
| Fair/poor | 17 (6.8) | 134 (10.0) | |
| BMI (Miss = 17) | |||
| <25kg/m2 | 77 (30.4) | 378 (27.9) | 0.72 |
| 25–29kg/m2 | 90 (35.6) | 502 (37.1) | |
| ≥30kg/m2 | 86 (34.0) | 474 (35.0) | |
| Recreational physical activity, METS/wk (Miss = 1) | 12.9 (12.6) | 11.8 (13.4) | 0.23 |
| Moderate/strenuous activity, min/wk (Miss = 22) | 73.6 (114.6) | 58.9 (98.4) | 0.03 |
| Walking, METS, h/wk (Miss = 22) | 4.03 (5.97) | 2.83 (4.63) | <0.001 |
| WHI-HT assignment | |||
| Placebo | 135 (52.9) | 681 (49.7) | 0.35 |
| HT | 120 (47.1) | 688 (50.3) | |
| Prior HT use | |||
| No | 190 (74.5) | 936 (68.4) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 65 (25.5) | 433 (31.6) | |
| Antidepressant use | |||
| No | 237 (92.9) | 1,252 (91.4) | 0.43 |
| Yes | 18 (7.1) | 117 (8.6) | |
| Antihypertensive use | |||
| No | 108 (42.4) | 446 (32.6) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 147 (57.6) | 923 (67.4) | |
| Lipid-lowering drug use | |||
| No | 165 (64.7) | 790 (57.7) | 0.04 |
| Yes | 90 (35.3) | 579 (42.3) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 36 (14.1) | 225 (16.4) | 0.35 |
| Yes | 219 (85.9) | 1,144 (83.6) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| No | 216 (84.7) | 1,041 (76.0) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 39 (15.3) | 328 (24.0) | |
| SF-36 pain (Miss = 38) | 68.7 (25.7) | 64.5 (25.8) | 0.02 |
| Social support (Miss = 108) | 36.9 (8.1) | 36.7 (7.7) | 0.63 |
| Optimism (Miss = 57) | 24.3 (3.3) | 23.6 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Emotional wellbeing (Miss = 60) | 84.1 (12.1) | 81.4 (12.8) | 0.003 |
| Happiness (Miss = 28) | |||
| All or most of the time | 197 (77.6) | 948 (70.6) | 0.02 |
| Less than most of the time | 57 (22.4) | 394 (29.4) | |
| Stressful life event score (Miss = 193) | 2.38 (2.54) | 2.64 (2.72) | 0.18 |
| Physical function score (Miss = 90) | 69.6 (23.7) | 60.6 (25.7) | <0.001 |
| GDS score (Miss = 9) | 1.23 (1.66) | 1.94 (2.30) | <0.001 |
| Insomnia Rating Scale (Miss = 10) | 5.85 (4.03) | 5.83 (4.08) | 0.96 |
| Apo-E (imputed) (Miss = 469) | |||
| ε4 carrier | 33 (17.6) | 213 (22.0) | 0.17 |
| Not ε4 carrier | 155 (82.4) | 754 (78.0) | |
Notes: Miss = missing; BMI = body mass index; METS = metabolic equivalent of tasks; WHI = women’s health initiative; HT = hormone therapy; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; APOE = apolipoprotein E; ε = epsilon.
*Chi-square test or t-test.