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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 19.
Published in final edited form as: Compr Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;6(1):331–351. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c150016

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Major signaling mechanisms mediating GLUT4 translocation in muscle and/or adipose tissues: insulin (red and green), ischemia/exercise or contraction (blue) stimulated GLUT4 translocation. For insulin signaling cascade, PI3-kinase-dependent (green) and independent (red) pathways are described. APS, adapter protein with Pleckstrin homology and Src homology 2 domains; CAP, c-Cbl-associated protein; Cbl, Casitas B-lineage Lymphoma; Crk, v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog; IRS1, Insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1; Protein kinase B, Akt; AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa; aPKC, atypical protein kinase C; LKB1, liver kinase B1; CaMKK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; AMPK, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase; PKD, protein kinase D; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide.