Figure 4.

Links between various categories of responses to multiple stressors and the types of interactions occurring between these stressors. Coloured lines represent response-specific interaction types reported in published meta-analyses of the ecological effects of multiple stressors on a variety of ecosystems (table 1). Multiple lines of the same colour represent multiple responses reported in a given study. Note that responses were sometimes reported as individual metrics (e.g. survival, growth) or as aggregated responses (e.g. survival and growth combined into a single population-level response).)