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Bacteria-induced cytokine release in whole blood is attenuated by complement (C5) and TLR (CD14 and TLR4/MD2) inhibition. Plasma from whole blood incubated with monolayers of EC and 105 bacteria/ml E. coli (A and B) or 107 bacteria/ml S. aureus (C and D) and inhibitors was analyzed for TNF (A and C) and IL-1β (B and D). Data are presented as in Fig. 2 with n = 6 donors. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 as compared with bacterial activation without inhibitors.
