Table 1.

Fish cell culture systems used in the cultivation of microsporidia from fish

Characteristics of the fish cell cultures			Characteristics of the microsporidia		Microsporidia in fish cell culture		Reference
Type of culture	Species	Tissue origin	Species	Normal host	Initiating infection in vitro	Microsporidia growth
Primary culture:  leukocytes	Chinook  salmon	Peripheral blood	Nucleospora   salmonis	Fish  (salmonids)	Leukocytes from infected fish  (co-cultivation)	Spore development in leukocyte cell  nucleus	Wongtavatchai et al. (1994); Wongtavatchai et al. (1995)
Primary culture:  leukocytes	Chinook  salmon	Infected kidney	Nucleospora   salmonis	Fish  (salmonids)	Leukocytes from infected fish  (co-cultivation)	Spore development in leukocyte cell  nucleus	Desportes-Livage et al. (1996)
Primary culture:  epithelial-like	Rainbow  trout	Kidney	Nucleospora   salmonis	Fish  (salmonids)	Leukocytes from infected fish  (co-cultivation)	Spore development in epithelial cell  nucleus	Desportes-Livage et al. (1996)
Cell line: CHSE-214,  epithelial-like	Chinook  salmon	Salmon embryo	Glugea sp.	Fish (many  species)	Spores from infected fish  (inoculation )	Proliferation of microsporidia stopped  after 48 h in culture	Lores et al. (2003)
Cell lines
CCO: fibroblast	Channel  catfish	CCO: ovary	Pseudoloma   neurophilia	Fish  (zebrafish)	Spores from infected fish  (inoculation)	Develops aggregates of approximately  8 spores per cell	Watral et al. (2006)
SJD.1: fibroblast	Zebrafish	SJD.1: fin
EPC: epithelial-like	Carp	EPC: skin
FHM: epithelial-like	Fathead  minnow	FHM: connective  tissue and muscle
Cell line: EP-1,  epithelial-like	Japanese eel	Infected tissues of elvers	Heterosporis   anguillarum	Fish (eels)	Not done; began by exposing  elvers to spores	Meront development	Kou et al. (1995)