Table 1.

Estimated black carbon-related health impacts in the U.S. due to 2010 modeled air quality.

Health endpoint	PDF of concentration–response coefficient (β)	Reference of β (age group)	Annual estimates (95% Confidence interval)
Mortality
Adult all-cause	Normal (0.005827, 0.000963)	Krewski et al. (2009) (age ≥30)	13,910 (9419–18,391)
	Normal (0.05827, 0.009524)	Janssen et al. (2011) (age ≥30)	133,807 (92,259–174,523)
	Uniform (0.005827, 0.05827)	Krewski et al. (2009) &	74,689 (17,026–131,050)
	Triangular (0.005827, 0.05827)	Janssen et al. (2011) (age ≥30)	74,882 (27,791–120,969)
Infant	Normal (0.006766, 0.007339)	Woodruff et al. (1997) (age b1)	32 (13–52)
Morbidity
Hospital admissions – all respiratory	Normal (0.00207, 0.0004464)	Zanobetti et al. (2009) (age N64)	3380 (1952–4805)
Hospital admissions – all cardiovascular	Normal (0.00189, 0.0002832)	Zanobetti et al. (2009) (age N64)	4344 (3070–5618)
Emergency room visits for asthma	Normal (0.0056, 0.0021)	Mar et al. (2010) (all ages)	10,567 (2804–18,290)
Acute bronchitis	Normal (0.02721, 0.017)	Dockery et al. (1996) (ages 8–12)	20,913 (−4983–45,928)
Chronic bronchitis	Normal (0.0137, 0.006796)	Abbey et al. (1994) (age N27)	9604 (269–18,799)
Lower respiratory symptoms	Normal (0.019, 0.006)	Schwartz and Neas (2000) (ages 7–14)	269,180 (103,588–432,608)
Upper respiratory symptoms	Normal (0.0036, 0.0015)	Pope III et al. (1991) (ages 9–11)	389,951 (71,557–708,006)
Asthma exacerbation Cough	Normal (0.00099, 0.00075)	Ostro et al. (2001) (ages 6–18)	253,806 (−123,529–630,696)
Shortness of breath	Normal (0.0026, 0.0013)		364,800 (−7312–735,972)
Wheeze	Normal (0.0019, 0.0008)		577,220 (109,712–1,044,186)
Work loss days	Normal (0.0046, 0.00036)	Ostro (1987) (ages 18–64)	1,910,323 (1,618,200–2,202,217)
Minor restricted-activity days	Normal (0.007410, 0.000700)	Ostro and Rothschild (1989) (ages 18–64)	11,332,839 (9,244,613–13,417,870)