Fig. 8.

Schematic of molecular response integrated with physiological changes at the organismal level: Gene expression patterns identified in this study suggest a number of cellular pathways that were up-regulated (yellow boxes) or down-regulated (blue boxes) in fish acclimated to combined elevated temperature and pCO₂ stressors over the course of 56 days. These changes likely underlie the physiological changes previously observed in T. bernacchii under these multi-stressor conditions (red boxes [30, 33, 34]). Although the expression of most genes returned to basal levels, a number of key genes remained up-regulated at the 56 day time-point suggesting T. bernacchii has not fully compensated. Ultimately, these stressors may impact the fish condition overall (as suggested by Fulton’s condition index [34]) and may have long-term population level impacts such as reduced growth and reproduction