Table 1.
General overview of the 22 TSGs that contribute to PTX-resistance
| TSG abbreviation | Full name of the TSGs | Status | Regulation manner | Pathway associated with resistance | Type of cancer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRCA1 | Breast cancer 1 | Mutation [12, 17] Protein/mRNA level [13, 14] |
Spindle-assembly checkpoint [15] Microtubule dynamic [16] MEKK3 activity [17] |
Apoptosis [13, 16] JNK/SAPK and p38/MAPK pathway [17] |
Ovarian cancer [13] HNSCC [14] Breast cancer [15, 17] NSCLC [16] |
| TP53 | Tumor protein p53 | Mutation [26] | G1 phase arrest [22] Apoptosis [24] |
Apoptosis [24] | NSCLC [22] Ovarian cancer [24, 26] |
| PTEN | Phosphatase and tension homolog | Protein level [34, 35] | Cyclin B1 activity [34] MiR-22 [35] |
PI3 K/AKT pathway [34, 35] | ESCC [34] Colon cancer [35] |
| APC | Adenomatous polyposis coli | Mutation [38] | MDR1 [38] miR-135a [40] |
Cell cycle [40], Cell adhesion [41] | Breast cancer [38] NSCLC [40] |
| p21/CDKN1A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A | Protein level [48] | Cell cycle [48] | Cell cycle, Apoptosis [48] | Melanoma [48] |
| p16/CDKN2A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A | Protein level [49] | Cell cycle [49] | Cell cycle [49] | Triple-negative breast cancer [49] |
| FRMD6/hEx | FERM domain-containing protein 6 | Protein level [8] | Cell cycle [8] | Cell cycle [8] | Breast cancer [8] |
| RASSF1 | Ras association domain-containing protein 1 | Methylation [54] | Cell growth [53] | Cell cycle [53] | Ovarian cancer [53] |
| YAP | Yes-associated protein 1 | deletion [55] | Cell cycle [55] | Cell cycle [55] | Breast cancer [55] |
| ING4 | Inhibitor of growth 4 | Protein level [56] | Bcl-2/Bax ratio [56] | Apoptosis, Cell cycle [56] | Lung cancer [51] |
| BAX | BCL2-associated X protein | mRNA level [57] | Bcl-2/Bax ratio [57] | Apoptosis [57] | Breast cancer [57] |
| HIN-1/SCGB3A1 | High in normal-1 | Methylation [9] | Apoptosis [9] | PI3K/AKT pathway [9] | Ovarian cancer [9] |
| PLK2 | Polo-like kinase 2 | Methylation [58] | G2/M phase checkpoint [58] | Cell cycle, apoptosis [58] | Ovarian cancer [58] |
| LZTS1/FEZ1 | Leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 | Protein/mRNA level [59, 60] | Cell cycle [59, 60] | Cell cycle [59, 60] | Ovarian cancer [59] Breast cancer [60] |
| FBXW7/FBW7 | F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 | Mutation [62] | Ubiquitination [62] | Ubiquitination [62] | Ovarian cancer [62] |
| ZMYND10/BLU | zinc finger MYND type containing 10 | Methylation [63] | Bcl-2/Bax ratio [63, 64] | Apoptosis [63], PI3 K/Akt pathway [59, 64] | Ovarian cancer [63, 64] |
| TGFBI | Transforming growth factor-β-induced | mRNA/protein level [66, 67] | β3 integrin [66, 67] | Apoptosis [66, 67] | NSCLC [66] Ovarian cancer [67] |
| REST | RE-1 silencing transcription factor | Protein level [70] | TUBB3[70] | PI3K/AKT pathway [70] | Ovarian cancer [70] |
| FADD | Fas-associated death domain protein | Phosphorylation [72, 73] | Apoptosis [71] Cell cycle [72] |
JNK/SAPK pathway [72] | Cervical carcinoma [71, 73] Prostate cancer [72] |
| PDCD4 | Programmed cell death 4 | Protein/mRNA level [74, 75] | Mir-182 [74] | Cell growth [74] Cell cycle [75] |
Ovarian cancer [74] Cervical carcinoma [75] |
| ING1 | Inhibitor of growth 1 | Protein level [76] | Apoptosis [76] | p53-dependent pathway [76] | Osteosarcoma [76] |
| PinX1 | PIN2/TRF1 interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 | Protein level [77] | Spindle-assembly checkpoint [77] | Cell cycle [77] | Cervical carcinoma [77] |