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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Respir J. 2008 Oct 1;33(1):33–41. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00130807

Annex 1.

Food groupings for factor analysis

Foods or food groups Food items
Potatoes and other tubers Potato salad, potatoes deep fried, smashed potatoes
Leafy vegetables (except cabbages) Green salad, endives as salad, chicory, spinach
Fruiting vegetables Artichoke, tomatoes as salad, avocado, cucumber, tomato (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), cooked tomatoes, green beans, egg plants, bell pepper, zucchini
Root vegetables Grated carrots, radish, beetroot, celeriac, cooked carrots, salsify
Cabbages Cauliflower as salad, white or red cabbage raw, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage
Mushrooms Mushrooms (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), mushrooms
Grain and pod vegetables Maize as salad, peas
Onion, garlic Onions (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), onions (sandwich, hamburger)
Stalk vegetables Leek as salad, leek (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), celery, beet, fennel
Legumes Lentils as salad, legumes
Fruits with citric Orange, grapefruit, mandarin, kiwi
Fruits with beta carotene Peach, melon, apricot
Other fruits Fresh fruits unspecified, apple, pear, banana, pineapple, strawberries or raspberries, cherry, raisins, plums, compote-fruits-fruits on syrup
Nuts and seeds Nuts and seeds
Olives Olives
Milk Milk non-specified, whole milk, skimmed milk, half-skimmed milk, sweetened concentrated milk
Milk beverages Chocolate drink
Yoghurts Yoghurt, ordinary yoghurt, ordinary yoghurt 0%, ordinary yoghurt sweetened, flavoured yoghurt, flavoured yoghurt 0%, flavoured yoghurt light
Cottage cheese Cottage cheese, ordinary cottage cheese, cottage cheese 0%, cottage cheese 10–20%, cottage cheese 30–40%, flavoured cottage cheese 0%, flavoured cottage cheese 10–20%, flavoured cottage cheese 30–40%
Cheese Non-specified cheese, camembert-St Marcellin-Brie-munster-..., Soft cheeses, blue cheese-..., Gruyere-..., Cantal-..., Goat cheeses, other cheeses, low-fat cheeses, mozzarella (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), gruyere (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), gruyere (sandwich, hamburger)
Cream desserts Cream dessert, Cream dessert with rice
Cream Sour cream (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), plain sour cream, sour cream (15%)
Pasta, rice, grain Pasta-couscous, rice non-specified, normal rice, whole rice
Bread Non specified bread, white bread, bread whole-flour, white bread slices, biscotti, unleavened bread, crackers, toasted bread, WASA, small toasted bread, hamburger bread, white bread (sandwich, hamburger)
Breakfast cereals Breakfast cereals
Salty biscuits, aperitif biscuits Salted biscuits
Dough and pastry Pizza dough, puff pastry
Red meat Non-specified red meats, beef, beef 15% fat (sandwich, hamburger), pork, lamb, veal, horse
Poultry Poultry, rabbit
Processed meats Sausage, pate, potted meat, cooked ham (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), smoked lard (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), sausages-blood sausage-andouillette, cooked harm (hamburger, sandwich)
Offal Liver, other offal
Crustaceans, molluscs Sea fruits
Blue-fish Canned fish, fresh sardines, mackerel fresh, fresh salmon
Whitefish Fish non specified, hake, julienne, dab, haddock, sole, Pollock, whiting, codfish, trout, other fish
Egg Boiled eggs, fried eggs-scrambled eggs, egg (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake)
Vegetal oils Peanut oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil
Butter Butter, low-fat butter
Margarines Normal margarine, low-fat margarine
Other animal fats Duck fat, other fat
Chocolate Candy bars, chocolate bars
Sweets Sweets
Ice cream Ice cream
Cakes, pies, pastries Croissant-brioche, cakes, pancake (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), cream cakes, fruit pie
Dry cakes, biscuits Dry biscuits
Fruits juice Fruits juice
Carbonated/soft/isotonic Soft drinks, sweetened soft drinks, light soft drinks
Coffee and tea Chicory, coffee, tea
Waters Tap water, mineral water, non specified water
Wine Wine or champagne
Fortified wines Muscat, Porto, Vermouth
Beer, cider Non specified beer, beer, special beer, cider
Spirits Whisky, Gin, Vodka, digestive
Aniseed drinks Alcohol with anis
Cocktails, punches Punch, aperitif made of cassis liqueur and white wine
Condiments and sauces Mayonnaise, non specified salad dressing, commercial plain salad dressing, commercial low-fat salad dressing, home-made salad dressing with peanut oil, home-made salad dressing with olive oil, home-made salad dressing with corn oil, home-made salad dressing with sunflower oil, home-made salad dressing with Cole seed oil, home-made salad dressing with soybean oil, Béchamel sauce (pizza, salty pie, salty pancake), ketchup (sandwich, hamburger), béchamel sauce (sandwich, hamburger)
Soups Soups