Table 1.

Some papers available in literature on Scrambler Therapy.

Source	Type of study	Subjects	Pain etiologies and causes	Therapy session data	Effects on pain
Marineo (2003) [7]	Prospective	11 adult patients; mean age: 63.5 y.	Cancer related pain	45-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	9 (81.8%) of the patients suspended painkillers within the first 5 applications.
Sabato et al. (2005) [2]	Prospective	226 adult patients.	Neuropathic pain	1–6 cycles of 5 treatments (each treatment 30 min).	80.09% patients: pain relief >50%; 10.18% partially responders (pain relief 25–49%) and 9.73% of no responders (pain relief <24% or VAS >3).
Smith et al. (2010) [1]	Prospective	16 adult patients; mean age: 58.6 y.	Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy	60-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	64% chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy pain score reduction from start to the end (10th day) of the study.
Ricci et al. (2012) [9]	Prospective	73 adult patients; mean age: 66 y.	Cancer-derived pain and non-cancer-derived pain	30-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	Pain score decreased by 74% at 10th day of treatment.
Marineo et al. (2012) [4]	Prospective and randomized trial	52 adult patients were randomized; ST group n = 26; mean age: 56.	Chronic neuropathic pain	45-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	At one month, the mean VAS score was reduced from 8 to 0.7 points (−91%) and from 8.1 to 5.8 (−28%) in the control group.
Ko et al. (2013) [5]	Case series: 3	3 patients: 70–75 y.	Postherpetic neuralgia	50 minutes daily for 10 consecutive days.	After treatment, pain decreased by 50%.
Park et al. (2013) [10]	Case series: 3	3 patients: 49–56 y.	Cancer pain	40 minutes daily for 10 consecutive days.	After ST, pain decreased by 50% or more.
Coyne et al. (2013) [6]	Prospective	39 adult patients; mean age 56.5 y.	Cancer pain syndromes and chronic chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy	45-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	Pain scores reduced from 6.6 before treatment to 4.5 at 14 days, 4.6, 4.8, and 4.6 at 1, 2, and 3 months.
Moon et al. (2015) [12]	A multicentre analysis	147 adult patients; mean age: 37.6 y.	Neuropathic, nociceptive, and mixed pain	A minimum of either 3 therapies on consecutive days or 5 therapies overall.	38.1% patients: ≥50% pain relief.
Starkweather et al. (2015) [13]	Double-blinded, randomized controlled trial	30 adult patients were randomized; ST group n = 15; mean age: 42.5.	Low back pain	30-minute sessions were administered over 10 working days or until the participant reported no pain.	In the Calmare group, 47% participants had a >50% reduction in the “worst” pain score from baseline to the 3-week follow-up visit; 33% participants had a 30–49% reduction, and 20% had a 20–29% reduction.
Pachman et al. (2015) [3]	Prospective	37 adult patients; mean age: 58 y.	Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy	30-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	53% reduction in pain score from baseline to day 10.
Notaro et al. (2015) [8]	Prospective	25 patients; mean age: 62.	Pain induced by bone and visceral metastases and refractory to standard therapies	30/40-minute daily treatment for 10 consecutive days.	100%: ≥50% pain relief.