Table 1.
Patient Characteristics by HIV-1 Status, N = 164
| HIV uninfected (n = 54) | HIV infected aviremic (n = 58) | HIV infected viremic (n = 52) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Median (IQR) or n (%) | Median (IQR) or n (%) | Median (IQR) or n (%) | p-valuea |
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||
| Age, years*,‡ | 44.5 (39–52) | 51 (45–55) | 43.5 (37–49) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| African American/black | 45 (83.3) | 44 (75.9) | 46 (88.5) | 0.229 |
| Hispanic | 7 (13.0) | 6 (10.3) | 3 (5.8) | |
| White/other | 2 (3.7) | 8 (13.8) | 3 (5.8) | |
| Currently employed† | 25 (47.2) | 20 (34.5) | 10 (19.2) | 0.010 |
| Annual household income <$18,000 | 34/54 (63.0) | 35/56 (62.5) | 37/44 (84.1) | 0.035 |
| Education less than high school | 16 (29.6) | 15 (25.9) | 24 (46.2) | 0.060 |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| CMV IgG, IU/ml*,† | 32.9 (21.2–39.5) | 31.7 (21.4–39.9) | 38.6 (32.0–43.1) | 0.009 |
| CMV DNA in CVL | ||||
| Present, n (%)* | 11 (20.4) | 5 (8.62) | 15 (28.9) | 0.024 |
| Median (IQR)b | 658.0 (393.0–1365.0) | 569.0 (355.0–584.0) | 1378.0 (595.0–2587.0) | 0.196 |
| CMV DNA in plasma (%) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (5.2) | 1 (1.9) | 0.622 |
| CESDc ≥16 | 13 (24.1) | 17 (29.3) | 22 (44.0) | 0.080 |
| Current smoker | 29 (53.7) | 24 (41.4) | 29 (56.9) | 0.226 |
| Diabetes everd | 8 (14.8) | 17 (29.3) | 11 (21.2) | 0.178 |
| Hypertension (current)e | 23 (42.6) | 31 (53.5) | 24 (46.2) | 0.501 |
| BMIf | 31.0 (26.6–36.8) | 29.6 (25.1–34.0) | 25.6 (22.8–33.0) | 0.037 |
| eGFRg | 92.0 (78.5–103.1) | 86.1 (73.9–98.5) | 93.9 (80.1–114.3) | 0.105 |
| HCV positive by Ab or RNA | 6 (11.3) | 13 (22.4) | 12 (23.5) | 0.209 |
| CD4+ T cell count (cells/mm3) *,†‡ | 1046 (843–1224) | 763.5 (581–958) | 321.5 (178–515) | <0.001 |
| CD8+ T cell count (cells/mm3)†,‡ | 468 (357–606) | 737.5 (529–1003) | 781.5 (463–1135) | <0.001 |
| CD4/CD8 ratio*,†,‡ | 2.13 (1.59–2.77) | 1.16 (0.77–1.50) | 0.36 (0.26–0.66) | <0.001 |
| Raltegravir use (current) | NA | 12 (20.7) | 5 (9.6) | 0.109 |
| Any ART use (current)* | NA | 55 (94.8) | 28 (53.9) | <0.001 |
| Adherence ≥95%h* | NA | 51/55 (92.7) | 13/28 (46.4) | <0.001 |
| log10 HIV-1 RNA in plasma, median (IQR) | NA | NA | 4.4 (3.7–4.8) | NA |
| log10 HIV-1 RNA in CVL, median (IQR)i | NA | NA | 2.6 (2.3–3.1) | NA |
| >40 copies/ml, n (%) | NA | 1/58 (1.72) | 21/51 (41.2) | <0.001 |
| <40 copies/ml, n (%) | NA | 0/58 (0.00) | 6/51 (11.8) | |
| Negative, n (%) | NA | 57/58 (98.3) | 24/51 (47.1) | |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||
| IL-6 Plasma* | 1.96 (1.29–4.28) | 1.22 (0.79–3.61) | 2.34 (1.45–6.13) | 0.030 |
| IL-6 CVL | 0.91 (0.16–4.01) | 0.48 (0.16–2.22) | 1.51 (0.25–7.05) | 0.063 |
| IP10*,†,‡ | 156.51 (114.05–205.58) | 230.70 (190.20–372.00) | 527.89 (348.80–709.82) | <0.001 |
| sCD14*,†,‡ | 5,868.85 (5,163.93–6,803.28) | 7,339.29 (5,428.57–9,280.37) | 8,805.19 (6,785.71–12,194.81) | <0.001 |
| sCD163*,†,‡ | 49.19 (36.00–62.74) | 63.69 (46.25–81.83) | 86.05 (69.38–111.42) | <0.001 |
p-values were calculated by Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables (Fisher's exact test for cell sizes <5), and represent the overall test for differences between the three groups.
Among those with CMV DNA present in CVL (n = 31).
Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression.
Ever self-reported antidiabetic medication or any of fasting glucose ≥126 or hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% or self-reported diabetes is confirmed.
Any indication of hypertension (SBP ≥140, DBP ≥90, self-report, or use of antihypertensive medications) at visit.
Body mass index.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml/min/1.73 m2: GFR = 186 × (Pcr)^(−1.154) × (age)^(−0.203) × (0.742 if female) × (1.210 if black).
Among those on ART.
Among those with HIV-1 RNA present in CVL (n = 22).
p < 0.05 for comparison of HIV-infected viremic vs. aviremic.
p < 0.05 for comparison of HIV-infected viremic vs. HIV uninfected.
p < 0.05 for comparison of HIV-infected aviremic vs. HIV uninfected.
CMV, cytomegalovirus; CVL, cervicovaginal lavage, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, HCV, hepatitis C virus; ART, antiretroviral therapy; IL-6, interleukin 6; IP10, interferon gamma-induced protein.