Table 2. Pooled measures on the relation of 24-hour sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality.
| RR (95% CI) by hours of 24-hour sleep per day |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na | Deaths | 4 hours | 5 hours | 6 hours | 7 hours | 8 hours | 9 hours | 10 hours | 11 hours | |
| Overall | 19 | 101,641 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.27 (1.20–1.36) | 1.53 (1.38–1.70) | 1.84 (1.59–2.13) |
| Subjects without cardiovascular diseases and cancer at baseline | 4 | 26,147 | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) | 1.25 (1.12–1.40) |
| Countryb | ||||||||||
| Asia | 6 | 14,707 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | 1.24 (1.12–1.36) | 1.37 (1.20–1.57) |
| Europe | 7 | 7,386 | — | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 1.22 (0.97–1.47) | 1.37 (0.97–1.95) |
| USA | 5 | 70,766 | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | — |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | 6 | 17,462 | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.00 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.34 (1.12–1.61) | 1.66 (1.21–2.27) | 2.06 (1.32–3.21) |
| Women | 8 | 21,046 | 1.11 (1.01–1.23) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1.00 | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.34 (1.17–1.53) | 1.67 (1.34–2.09) | 2.09 (1.53–2.85) |
| Both | 5 | 63,133 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) | 1.38 (1.27–1.49) |
| Mean age | ||||||||||
| >60 years | 11 | 84,110 | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.21 (1.16–1.26) | 1.39 (1.30–1.49) | 1.60 (1.45–1.76) |
| ≤60 years | 8 | 17,531 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.00 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | 1.46 (1.22–1.75) |
| Follow-up duration | ||||||||||
| ≥10 years | 11 | 83,959 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 1.23 (1.14–1.33) | 1.35 (1.21–1.50) |
| <10 years | 8 | 17,682 | 1.07 (1.00–1.16) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.28 (1.16–1.42) | 1.61 (1.33–1.89) | 1.95 (1.52–2.48) |
| Sleep assessment | ||||||||||
| Self- administered | 15 | 95,560 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) | 1.46 (1.31–1.63) | 1.72 (1.47–2.00) |
| Interviewer- administered | 4 | 6,081 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | 1.40 (1.22–1.60) | 1.86 (1.25–2.47) | 2.32 (1.70–3.18) |
| Adjusted for … Education/socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Yes | 17 | 94,310 | 1.11 (1.06–1.18) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 1.26 (1.18–1.34) | 1.50 (1.35–1.67) | 1.79 (1.54–2.08) |
| No | 2 | 7,331 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.12 (1.01–1.23) | 1.24 (1.05–1.47) | — |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Yes | 18 | 101,417 | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.27 (1.19–1.35) | 1.52 (1.37–1.70) | 1.83 (1.57–2.13) |
| No | 1 | 224 | — | |||||||
| Alcohol | ||||||||||
| Yes | 18 | 101,417 | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.27 (1.19–1.35) | 1.52 (1.37–1.70) | 1.83 (1.57–2.13) |
| No | 1 | 224 | — | |||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Yes | 17 | 99,837 | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) | 1.53 (1.36–1.71) | 1.83 (1.56–2.15) |
| No | 2 | 1,804 | 1.01 (0.68–1.51) | 1.00 (0.78–1.22) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 1.83 (1.10–2.81) | 2.27 (1.18–4.37) |
| Health statusc | ||||||||||
| Yes | 10 | 65,418 | — | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | 1.27 (1.18–1.38) | 1.41 (1.27–1.57) |
| No | 9 | 36,223 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 1.00 | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) | 1.27 (1.17–1.39) | 1.41 (1.25–1.59) |
| Blood pressure | ||||||||||
| Yes | 12 | 40,558 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | 1.46 (1.30–1.64) | 1.72 (1.46–2.03) |
| No | 7 | 61,083 | — | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.00 | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 1.38 (1.20–1.57) | 1.78 (1.39–2.20) | 2.25 (1.62–3.12) |
| Body mass index | ||||||||||
| Yes | 18 | 101,417 | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.27 (1.19v1.35) | 1.52 (1.37–1.70) | 1.83 (1.57–2.13) |
| No | 1 | 224 | — | |||||||
| Preexisting chronic diseases | ||||||||||
| Yesd | 14 | 95,152 | 1.08 (1.04v1.12) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.05 (1.04v1.07) | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) | 1.29 (1.21–1.37) | 1.44 (1.32–1.56) |
| No | 5 | 6,489 | — | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 1.16 (0.81–1.68) | — | — |
| Sleep disorders | ||||||||||
| Yes | 6 | 8,631 | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 1.00 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1.23 (1.10–1.37) | 1.42 (1.19–1.70) | 1.64 (1.27v2.10) |
| No | 13 | 93,010 | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | 1.31 (1.21–1.43) | 1.47 (1.31–1.65) |
| Depression/mental health | ||||||||||
| Yes | 5 | 16,675 | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) | 1.36 (1.19–1.56) |
| No | 14 | 84,966 | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) | 1.40 (1.26–1.57) | 1.76 (1.47–2.10) | 2.21 (1.73–2.83) |
| Study quality | ||||||||||
| 7–8 stars | 10 | 86,848 | 1.12 (1.06–1.80) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.36 (1.25–1.47) | 1.54 (1.38–1.73) |
| 4–6 stars | 9 | 14,793 | — | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 1.17 (1.02–1.33) | 1.32 (1.04–1.67) | 1.49 (1.08–2.07) |
aN: number of studies (gender specific studies).
bthere is a study conduced in Australia.
chealth status (self-reported health status or physical functioning).
dincludes the studies with subjects of no chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases and cancer) at baseline.