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. 2016 Feb 22;6:21607. doi: 10.1038/srep21607

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Schematic summary of the involvement of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs or alarmins) in spinal cord inflammation. After injury, primary inflammation is driven by proinflammatory cytokines and leads to excessive tissue remodelling and fibrosis. Soluble alarmins are generated during pathological tissue remodelling. They activate pattern recognition receptors and contribute to the persistent (secondary) inflammatory activation in the injury epicentre.