Table 1.
Characteristics of Korean adults aged 50 years or over by smoking status in Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010–2012 (n=9064)
| Smoking status |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current smoking, n (%) | Past smoking, n (%) | Indirect smoking, n (%) | Non-smoking, n (%) | p Value* | |
| Variables† | |||||
| Age (years) (mean±SE) | 59.5±0.3 | 63.2±0.2 | 59.0±0.3 | 63.9±0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1242 (31.7) | 2005 (51.2) | 209 (5.3) | 457 (11.7) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 195 (3.8) | 150 (2.9) | 1022 (19.8) | 3784 (73.5) | |
| Household income | |||||
| Low | 460 (20.8) | 474 (21.4) | 282 (12.7) | 1001 (45.2) | <0.0001 |
| Mid-low | 358 (15.9) | 555 (24.6) | 310 (13.7) | 1035 (45.8) | |
| Mid-upper | 336 (14.8) | 544 (23.9) | 314 (13.8) | 1082 (47.5) | |
| High | 268 (12.1) | 554 (25.1) | 310 (14.1) | 1075 (48.7) | |
| Education | |||||
| ≤Elementary school graduation | 553 (12.8) | 780 (18.0) | 602 (13.9) | 2398 (55.3) | <0.0001 |
| Middle school graduation | 287 (18.5) | 369 (23.8) | 257 (16.6) | 637 (41.1) | |
| High school graduation | 412 (19.6) | 604 (28.8) | 268 (12.8) | 816 (38.9) | |
| ≥College graduation | 178 (16.8) | 399 (37.7) | 101 (9.5) | 381 (36.0) | |
| Occupation | |||||
| Professional practice, managerial or administrative job | 105 (21.0) | 188 (37.7) | 68 (13.6) | 138 (27.7) | <0.0001 |
| Office job | 51 (21.7) | 83 (35.3) | 41 (17.5) | 60 (25.5) | |
| Service or retail industry | 111 (12.2) | 172 (18.9) | 330 (36.3) | 296 (32.6) | |
| Skilled agriculture or fishery | 259 (20.0) | 333 (25.7) | 173 (13.4) | 529 (40.9) | |
| Machine and equipment manufacture and operation | 242 (34.0) | 270 (38.0) | 102 (14.4) | 97 (13.6) | |
| Manual labour | 165 (15.8) | 209 (20.0) | 227 (21.7) | 443 (42.4) | |
| Unemployment | 493 (11.4) | 891 (20.5) | 286 (6.6) | 2668 (61.5) | |
| Residential area | |||||
| Dong | 978 (15.0) | 1599 (24.5) | 876 (13.4) | 3075 (47.1) | 0.0732 |
| Eup/Myeon | 459 (18.1) | 556 (21.9) | 355 (14.0) | 1166 (46.0) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (mean±SE) | 23.4±0.1 | 24.0±0.1 | 24.3±0.1 | 24.3±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 104.5±0.8 | 105.5±0.7 | 101.3±0.9 | 101.6±0.5 | <0.0001 |
| <126 | 1179 (15.5) | 1764 (23.2) | 1083 (14.2) | 3579 (47.1) | <0.0001 |
| ≥126 | 188 (21.0) | 263 (29.4) | 95 (10.6) | 350 (39.1) | |
| Dietary habits | |||||
| 4 meals or less during the past 2 days | 175 (22.9) | 138 (18.1) | 141 (18.5) | 309 (40.5) | <0.0001 |
| 5 meals or more during the past 2 days | 1068 (14.1) | 1848 (24.4) | 1006 (13.3) | 3660 (48.3) | |
| Regular physical exercise | |||||
| No | 784 (16.2) | 1027 (21.2) | 640 (13.2) | 2390 (49.4) | 0.0005 |
| Yes | 640 (15.3) | 1124 (26.8) | 588 (14.0) | 1837 (43.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Less than once a month | 424 (8.2) | 808 (15.7) | 754 (14.7) | 3158 (61.4) | <0.0001 |
| 1–4 times a month | 368 (17.9) | 573 (27.8) | 328 (15.9) | 791 (38.4) | |
| 5 times a month or more | 642 (35.0) | 765 (41.8) | 143 (7.8) | 282 (15.4) | |
| Experience of depressive symptoms | |||||
| No | 1248 (16.9) | 1922 (26.0) | 935 (12.6) | 3291 (44.5) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 183 (11.1) | 232 (14.0) | 294 (17.8) | 945 (57.1) | |
*p Value from t test or Rao-Scott χ2 test for continuous and categorical variables.
†Continuous variables are presented as mean±SE, and categorical variables are presented as n (%).