Table 3.
Depressive symptoms according to quintile of serum fatty acid concentration and ratio (Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Q1 (low) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (high) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | P for trend † | |
| SFA | |||||||||||
| Median of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 739·9 | 857·3 | 950·4 | 1072·3 | 1302·9 | ||||||
| Range of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 456·7–806·2 | 806·3–902·1 | 902·3–1005·0 | 1005·1–1155·2 | 1155·5–4234·4 | ||||||
| Number with/without depressive symptoms‡ | 51/373 | 54/369 | 63/363 | 44/381 | 54/371 | ||||||
| Crude | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·07 | 0·71, 1·61 | 1·27 | 0·85, 1·89 | 0·85 | 0·55, 1·30 | 1·07 | 0·71, 1·60 | 0·812 |
| Model I: multivariate-adjusted§ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·04 | 0·69, 1·57 | 1·19 | 0·80, 1·78 | 0·80 | 0·52, 1·23 | 1·04 | 0·69, 1·57 | 0·691 |
| Model II: Multivariate-adjusted|| | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·05 | 0·69, 1·59 | 1·18 | 0·79, 1·78 | 0·80 | 0·52, 1·25 | 1·04 | 0·67, 1·60 | 0·698 |
| MUFA | |||||||||||
| Median of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 481·9 | 572·8 | 653·0 | 762·4 | 982·0 | ||||||
| Range of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 298·3–533·6 | 533·8–611·2 | 611·6–702·1 | 702·5–839·4 | 839·5–4727·5 | ||||||
| Number with/without depressive symptoms‡ | 50/374 | 51/374 | 50/374 | 60/365 | 55/370 | ||||||
| Crude | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·02 | 0·67, 1·55 | 1·00 | 0·66, 1·52 | 1·23 | 0·82, 1·84 | 1·11 | 0·74, 1·67 | 0·391 |
| Model I: multivariate-adjusted§ | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·99 | 0·66, 1·51 | 0·95 | 0·62, 1·45 | 1·18 | 0·78, 1·77 | 1·10 | 0·73, 1·66 | 0·446 |
| Model II: multivariate-adjusted|| | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·01 | 0·66, 1·54 | 0·96 | 0·62, 1·47 | 1·17 | 0·77, 1·79 | 1·06 | 0·69, 1·65 | 0·582 |
| PUFA | |||||||||||
| Median of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 1150·7 | 1301·0 | 1427·3 | 1550·6 | 1779·1 | ||||||
| Range of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 666·8–1233·4 | 1233·5–1369·5 | 1369·5–1487·4 | 1488·1–1647·1 | 1648·0–4618·2 | ||||||
| Number with/without depressive symptoms‡ | 58/366 | 55/370 | 60/364 | 46/379 | 47/378 | ||||||
| Crude | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·95 | 0·63, 1·43 | 1·02 | 0·68, 1·52 | 0·75 | 0·49, 1·14 | 0·80 | 0·52, 1·22 | 0·143 |
| Model I: multivariate-adjusted§ | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·93 | 0·62, 1·38 | 0·99 | 0·67, 1·47 | 0·74 | 0·49, 1·12 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·16 | 0·110 |
| Model II: multivariate-adjusted|| | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·94 | 0·63, 1·39 | 1·04 | 0·71, 1·54 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·16 | 0·79 | 0·52, 1·18 | 0·154 |
| n-3 PUFA | |||||||||||
| Median of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 182·1 | 237·4 | 288·2 | 341·1 | 436·5 | ||||||
| Range of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 77·5–210·5 | 210·7–262·5 | 262·6–310·8 | 311·0–379·8 | 379·9–1197·5 | ||||||
| Number with/without depressive symptoms‡ | 59/365 | 62/362 | 51/373 | 54/372 | 40/385 | ||||||
| Crude | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·06 | 0·72, 1·56 | 0·85 | 0·57, 1·26 | 0·90 | 0·60, 1·34 | 0·64* | 0·42, 0·98 | 0·028* |
| Model I: multivariate-adjusted§ | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·99 | 0·67, 1·47 | 0·76 | 0·50, 1·15 | 0·79 | 0·52, 1·19 | 0·55* | 0·35, 0·86 | 0·005** |
| Model II: multivariate-adjusted|| | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·99 | 0·66, 1·47 | 0·75 | 0·49, 1·15 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·18 | 0·57* | 0·36, 0·90 | 0·009** |
| n-6 PUFA | |||||||||||
| Median of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 892·0 | 1030·7 | 1130·3 | 1238·1 | 1413·2 | ||||||
| Range of serum fatty acid concentration (μg/ml) | 580·6–969·1 | 969·3–1079·6 | 1079·9–1178·0 | 1178·2–1310·4 | 1310·8–3412·8 | ||||||
| Number with/without depressive symptoms‡ | 56/368 | 51/374 | 56/368 | 53/372 | 50/375 | ||||||
| Crude | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·90 | 0·60, 1·35 | 1·00 | 0·67, 1·49 | 0·94 | 0·63, 1·40 | 0·88 | 0·58, 1·32 | 0·636 |
| Model I: multivariate-adjusted§ | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·90 | 0·60, 1·35 | 0·99 | 0·66, 1·48 | 0·92 | 0·61, 1·39 | 0·90 | 0·59, 1·35 | 0·676 |
| Model II: multivariate-adjusted|| | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·89 | 0·59, 1·35 | 1·00 | 0·66, 1·51 | 0·94 | 0·62, 1·42 | 0·90 | 0·59, 1·38 | 0·753 |
| n-3:n-6 | |||||||||||
| Median of ratio | 0·160 | 0·209 | 0·250 | 0·303 | 0·401 | ||||||
| Range of ratio | 0·078–0·187 | 0·187–0·231 | 0·231–0·271 | 0·271–0·336 | 0·336–0·962 | ||||||
| Number with/without depressive symptoms‡ | 60/364 | 57/368 | 52/372 | 42/383 | 55/370 | ||||||
| Crude | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·94 | 0·64, 1·39 | 0·85 | 0·57, 1·26 | 0·67 | 0·44, 1·01 | 0·90 | 0·61, 1·34 | 0·226 |
| Model I: multivariate-adjusted§ | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·88 | 0·59, 1·31 | 0·76 | 0·50, 1·15 | 0·58* | 0·38, 0·91 | 0·77 | 0·50, 1·18 | 0·063 |
| Model II: multivariate-adjusted|| | 1·00 | Ref. | 0·90 | 0·60, 1·35 | 0·76 | 0·50, 1·16 | 0·58* | 0·37, 0·91 | 0·78 | 0·50, 1·20 | 0·066 |
Q, quintiles; Ref., referent value; n-3 PUFA, sum of α-linolenic acid, EPA, DPA and DHA; n-6 PUFA, sum of linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and docosatetraenoic acid.
* P<0·05, ** P<0·01.
†
P for trend estimated by treating quintiles as ordinal variables for serum fatty acid concentration.
‡
A person with total score ≥16 using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale is supposed to have a significant depressive tendency.
§
Model I: adjusted for sex and age.
||
Model II: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education level, marital status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, employment status and medical history.