Table 1.
Sample demographic characteristics by cardiac diagnosis
| CHD (n = 343–357) |
Control (n = 101–111) |
TGA (n = 138–139) |
TOF (n = 62–68) |
SVF (n = 141–145) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family SES a | 47.88 (12.71) | 53.06 (9.55) | 45.81 (12.18) | 48.65 (11.95) | 49.50 (13.34) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.34 (1.98) | 39.58 (1.30) | 39.75 (1.25) | 39.17 (2.49) | 39.00 (2.24) |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.39 (0.58) | 3.48 (0.59) | 3.55 (0.45) | 3.21 (0.67) | 3.31 (0.62) |
| Sex: male n (%) | 234 (66.5) | 59 (53.2) | 106 (76.3) | 38 (55.9) | 90 (62.1) |
| Race/Ethnicity n (%) | |||||
| White/Caucasian/Non-Hispanic | 303 (86.1) | 89 (80.2) | 126 (90.6) | 59 (86.8) | 118 (81.4) |
| Nonwhite: | 49 (13.9) | 22 (19.8) | 13 (9.4) | 9 (13.2) | 27 (18.6) |
| White/Hispanic | 26 (7.4) | 3 (2.7) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (7.4) | 16 (11.0) |
| Asian | 6 (1.7) | 5 (4.5) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.8) |
| Black | 9 (2.6) | 9 (8.1) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (3.4) |
| Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Biracial/Mixed Race | 7 (2.0) | 5 (4.5) | 3 (2.2) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (1.4) |
| Age at assessment (years) | 15.13 (2.11) | 15.30 (1.81) | 16.08 (0.51) | 14.67 (1.18) | 14.44 (2.91) |
| One-minute Apgar scoreb | 7.66 (1.37) | 8.97 (1.35) | 7.50 (1.35) | 7.68 (1.73) | 7.86 (1.30) |
| Five-minute Apgar scorec | 8.50 (0.84) | 9.45 (0.51) | 8.32 (0.90) | 8.83 (0.65) | 8.65 (0.75) |
| Age at first operation (days) | 62.17 (151.12) | -- | 9.89 (11.76) | 185.56 (233.41) | 54.42 (142.47) |
| Total cardiac operations Mdn (min-max) | 2 (1–7) | -- | 1 (1–4) | 2 (1–7) | 3 (1–5) |
Note. CHD = congenital heart disease; TGA = dextro-transposition of the great arteries; TOF = tetralogy of Fallot; SVF = single-ventricle children/adolescents who underwent the Fontan procedure; SES = family socioeconomic status according to Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Status (1975). The CHD category includes all participants in the TGA, TOF, and SVF groups. Some demographic data were missing; therefore, sample sizes, which are provided above as min-max, depict valid n’s by group. Unless otherwise specified, results are presented as mean (standard deviation).
Hollingshead, A. A. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
ns: CHD = 256; Control = 30; TGA = 127; TOF = 25; SVF = 104
ns: CHD = 252; Control = 29; TGA = 126; TOF = 23; SVF = 103