Table 1.
Positive effects of carbon nano-materials (CNMs) in plant.
| Reference | CNM | Treatment | Effect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samaj et al., 2004 | CNT | – | Uptake through endocytosis. | |
| Lin and Xing, 2007 | MWCNT | 2000 mg/L in ryegrass (Lolium perenne) | Increased root length (∼17%). | |
| Canas et al., 2008 | Uncoated and PABS coated SWCNTs | coated [0, 160, 900, and 5,000 mg/L) and uncoated-CNTs (0, 104, 315, and 1750 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h. | Uncoated-CNTs increased root length in onion and cucumber as compared to the coated-CNTs. | |
| Liu et al., 2009 | SWCNT | – | SWNTs as potential cargo for several molecules into different plant cell organelles. | |
| Wild and Jones, 2009 | MWCNT | – | CNTs were adsorbed onto the root surface but also did appear ‘pierce’ the root epidermal cells and accumulate within the tissue. | |
| Tripathi et al., 2011 | Citrate coated water-soluble CNTs | 10-days exposure to 6.0 mg/mL | Visualize internalization of the coated ws-CNTs by SEM and TEM. | |
| Khodakovskaya et al., 2011 | SWCNT and MWCNT | 50 mg/L | enhanced the total fresh biomass | |
| Mondal et al., 2011 | Pristine (diameter ∼30 nm) and oxidized-MWCNT | In mustard (Brassica juncea) at 2.3–46.0 μg/L | Enhanced germination, increased root and shoot growth. | |
| Wang et al., 2012 | o-MWCNT | 40, 80, and 160 mg/L for 3 and 7 days | Increase in root length of wheat seedlings | |
| Sonkar et al., 2012 | Water-soluble carbon nano-onions | 5 and 10-days hydroponic germination at 10, 20, and 30 mg/L | Growth enhancement. | |
| Lahiani et al., 2013 | MWCNT | 10–11 d at 50, 100, and 200 mg/L | 50% (in barley and soybean) and 90% (in corn) increase in germination. In soybean, the root length increased up to 26%. In corn, shoot and leaf length were enlarged by 40% and more than threefold, respectively. Internalization was visualized by both Raman Spectroscopy and TEM. | |
| Tiwari et al., 2013 | MWCNTs | 5–60 mg/L MWCNTs for 7 days in agar gel | 60 mg/L treatment; increased plant fresh biomass (43%) and higher nutrient uptake (2x calcium and 1.6x iron) | |
| Kole et al., 2013 | Fullerols C60(OH)20 | 0.943, 4.72, 9.43, 10.88, and 47.2 nM fullerol | Increased plant biomass and phytomedicine content in bitter melon. | |
| Tripathi and Sarkar, 2014 | Cabon nano-dots | 10 days of exposure to 150 mg/L water soluble carbon nano-dots | Enhanced root growth (10x) of wheat. | |
| Saxena et al., 2014 | Water-soluble CNPs | 10–150 mg/L ws-CNPs in soil up to 20 days | Optimum growth was observed at 50 mg/L treatment where root and shoot lengths were increased up to 3-times. | |
| Lahiani et al., 2015 | Carbon nano-horns (CNHs) | 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml for 10–20 days barley, corn, rice, soybean, switchgrass, tomato) and tobacco cell culture | Growth of tobacco cells was increased 78%. Uptake confirmed by TEM. | |
| Co-contaminants | ||||
| Ma and Wang, 2010 | Fullerene + Trichloroethylene (TCE) | 2–15 mg/L fullerene in by eastern cottonwood | TCE uptake increase with increase in fullerene concentration. | |
| De La Torre-Roche et al., 2012 | Fullerene + DDE | 40 mg C60 + 100 ng/mL DDE for 3 weeks | Zucchini and soybean, a 29% increase and a 48% decrease in p,p′-DDE uptake were observed upon fullerene exposure | |
| Hamdi et al., 2015 | CNT + chlordane components; CNT + DDE | 1000 mg/L for a 19-day in lettuce | Non-functionalized CNT was more effective at reducing the organochlorine accumulation by plant roots (88%) and shoots (78%). | |