Table 2.

Negative effects of CNMs in plant.

Reference	CNM	Treatment	Effect
Stampoulis et al., 2009	MWCNT	Zucchini for 15-day exposure to 1000 mg/L	60% reduction in biomass reduction.
Mondal et al., 2011	Oxidized-MWCNT	Hydroponic mustard	Reduced germination and dry biomass.
Liu et al., 2013	ws-C70	Tobacco BY-2 cells were exposed to 0.01 mg/mL ws-C70 for 3 days in cell culture medium.	Cell boundary disruption and growth inhibition. Possible adsorption of ws-C70 to the cell wall through hydrostatic interaction with the carboxylic groups of fullerenes.
Begum et al., 2011	Water-soluble graphene oxide (ws-GO)	Lettuce, cabbage, Red spinach, and tomato during a 20-days exposure	At 2000 mg/L, significantly reduced plant growth (up to 78%), biomass (up to 88%), the number and size of leaves (up to 53 and 91%, respectively), and increased ROS along with necrotic symptoms.
Anjum et al., 2013	Graphene oxide (GO)	Vicia faba beans 100–1600 mg/L	Concentration dependent decrease in oxidative enzyme activity.
Anjum et al., 2014	Graphene oxide	Vicia faba beans 100–1600 mg/L	Highest concentration (1600 mg/L) resulted in growth reduction, decreased anti-oxidative enzyme activity (e.g., catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), and greater electrolyte leakage.
Co-contaminants
Hu et al., 2014	GO + Arsenic	0.1–10mg/L GO	Arsenic-GO co-exposure significantly reduced the fresh mass, shoot length, and chlorophyll content.