Table 1.

Genetic core clock gene disruptions with impairment of glucose homeostasis

Gene Disrupted	Metabolic Phenotype	Ref
Bmal1 (Global)	Impaired gluconeogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance	[34,42,60,117]
Bmal1 (Liver specific)	Fasting hypoglycemia, Impaired gluconeogenesis	[42]
Bmal1 (Pancreas using Pdx-1 Cre)	Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucose intolerance	[32–34]
Bmal1 (β-cell specific using rip-Cre)	Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucose intolerance	[64]
Clock	Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia	[33,118]
Per1&2	Glucose intolerance, altered lipid metabolism	[42,119,120]
Cry1&2	Glucose intolerance	[121]