TABLE 2.

lncRNAs With Identified Functions in Reproduction

Reproductive process	lncRNAs involved	Mechanisms	References
Gonadogenesis	Sxl promoter proximal RNAs	Activates Sxl (sex-lethal) and recruits chromatin modifiers like Polycomb and Trithorax.	Mulvey et al. (2014)
Sex determination	SRY	Acts as a miRNA sponge that competitively binds miR-138 to potentially influence sex determination.	Hansen et al. (2013)
	Dmr	Regulates splicing of DMRT1 (Doublesex and Mab-3 related transcription factor 1).	Zhang et al. (2010)
Sex hormone responses	enhancer RNAs from ESR-bound enhancers	Controls estrogen receptor-regulated enhancer activity.	Li et al. (2013)
	PCGEM1	Binds androgen receptor and lncRNA PRNCR1 (prostate cancer- associated non-coding RNA 1); alters chromatin topology affecting androgen responses.	Yang et al. (2013)
	PRNCR1	Binds androgen receptor and methyltransferase DOT1L (DOT1-like histone H3K79 methyltransferase); alters AR modification state and chromatin topology affecting androgen responses.	Yang et al. (2013)
	enhancer RNAs from the KLK3 enhancer cluster	Recruits mediator and androgen receptor to KLK3 and KLK2 (Kallikrein-related peptidases 3 and 2).	Hsieh et al. (2014)
	SRA	Binds to and modulates activity of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor; binds additional transcriptional regulators.	Lanz et al. (1999); Shi et al. (2001); Watanabe et al. (2001); Lanz et al. (2002); Hatchell et al. (2006)
Meiosis	UPGRADE2	Expressed specifically in Boechera species capable of asexual reproduction.	Mau et al. (2013)
	IRT1	Increases nucleosome occupancy and repressive modifications to silence the meiotic regulator IME1.	van Werven et al. (2012)
	RME2	Silences the oppositely transcribed meiotic regulator IME4, possibly by transcriptional interference.	Gelfand et al. (2011); Hongay et al. (2006); van Werven et al. (2012)
	meiRNA	Regulates nuclear import of the meiosis regulator Mei2 and formation of nuclear dots that are used to sequester Mmi1, which is capable of degrading meiosis regulating transcripts.	Yamashita et al. (1998); Harigaya et al. (2006); Shichino et al. (2014)
Spermatogenesis	mhrl	Regulates Wnt signaling in spermatogonia! cells.	Arun et al. (2012)
	Tsx	Suppresses apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes.	Anguera et al. (2011)
	LDMAR	Required for anther development in rice.	Ding et al. (2012)
Oogenesis	oskar	Non-coding functions of oskar mRNA required for early establishment of oocyte polarity.	Jenny et al. (2006)
	Xlsirt and VegT	Required for cytoskeletal organization and oocyte polarity in Xenopus.	Kloc et al. (2005)
	XLOC_057324	Regulates flowering time and seed setting in rice.	Zhang et al. (2014)
Placentation	H19	Controls placental growth regulated by NOM01 (NODAL modulator 1) by encoding miR-675 that controls NOM01 translation.	Gao et al. (2012); Keniry et al. (2012)
	HELLP	Controls cell survival and migration of trophoblast cells.	van Dijk et al. (2012)
	SPRY4-IT1	Controls cell survival and migration of trophoblast cells.	Zou et al. (2013)
	Airn	Regulates imprinted expression of Igf2r, Slc22a2, and Slc22a3, which influence placental growth.	Nagano et al. (2008); Zwart et al. (2001)
	Kcnq1ot1	Regulates imprinted expression of eight linked genes that influence placental growth.	Pandey et al. (2008)
Reproductive disease	NEAT1	Required for corpus luteum formation and pregnancy maintenance	Nakagawa et al. (2014)