Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of the infants.
| Full-Term (n=19) | Pre-Term (n=30) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of infants at birth | |||
| Gestational age {weeks; mean (range)} | 39.38 (37.0 – 41.6) | 30.97 (23.7 – 36.4) | <0.0001 |
| Sex: Female (%) / Male (%) | 9 (47.4) / 10 (52.6) | 14 (46.7) / 16 (53.3) |
0.9617 |
| Race: Asian / >1 race/NHOPIa/White/Black/AI or ANb | 1/15/2/0/1/0 | 3/17/3/6/1/0 | 0.2759 |
| Ethnicity: Hispanic (%) / Non Hispanic (%) | 9 (47.4) / 10 (52.6) | 2 (6.7) / 28 (93.3) | 0.001 |
| Delivery method: C-Section (%) / Vaginal delivery (%) | 3 (15.8) / 16 (84.2) | 16 (53.3)/ 14 (46.7) |
0.0197 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.19 ± 0.13 | 1.62 ± 0.12 | <0.0001 |
| Birth length (cm) | 50.83 ± 0.81 | 40.90 ± 1.15 | <0.0001 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) at birth | 12.30 ± 0.27 | 9.09 ± 0.28 | <0.0001 |
| Birth head circumference (cm) | 33.83 ± 0.31 | 28.49 ± 0.67 | <0.0001 |
| APGAR score (1 minute) | 7.61 ± 0.34 | 6.43 ± 0.39 | 0.042 |
| APGAR score (5 minutes) | 8.82 ± 0.10 | 8.10 ± 0.17 | 0.0049 |
| Retinopathy of prematurity: Yes (%) / No (%) | 0 (0) / 19 (100) | 8 (26.7) / 22 (73.3) | 0.0139 |
| Newborn audio test | 0.3301 | ||
| Normal (%) / Abnormal (%) | 18 (94.7) / 0 (0) | 29 (96.7) / 1 (3.3) | |
| Not reported (%) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Characteristics of infants at time point 1 | |||
| Postmenstrual age {weeks; mean, (range)} | 41.17 (38.3 – 44.2) | 41.94 (37.6 – 52.1) | 0.2725 |
| Weight (kg) | 3.51 ± 0.12 | 3.79 ± 0.14 | 0.1822 |
| Length (cm) | 51.60 ± 0.67 | 51.41 ± 0.74 | 0.8569 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 35.13 ± 0.39 | 35.79 ± 0.37 | 0.2409 |
| Amiel-Tison Neurological Assessment (at baseline visit) | |||
| Neurosensory function | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0.16 | 0.9618 |
| Passive muscle tone | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.881 |
| Active muscle tone | 5.33 ± 0.41 | 4.43 ± 0.37 | 0.1231 |
| Primitive reflexes | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.5989 |
| Deep tendon reflexes | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | NA |
| Cranial assessment | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | NA |
| Adaptiveness to manipulation | 0 ± 0 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.0697 |
| Total neurological examination score | 5.83 ± 0.39 | 5.17 ± 0.51 | 0.3627 |
| Age of infants based on postmenstrual weeks at follow-up MRI scan {weeks; mean, (range)} | |||
| Time point 2 | 45.06 (42.0 – 46.9) | 46.62 (41.8 – 57.1) | 0.0307 |
| Time point 3 | 49.36 (47.1 – 51.8) | 51.74 (42.7 – 64.7) | 0.0095 |
| Characteristics of the Parent or Primary Caregiver | |||
| Mother’s age at time of infant’s birth (years) | 26.68 ± 1.56 | 31.87 ± 0.80 | 0.0021 |
| Mother’s pregnancy weight gain (kg) | 19.32 ± 2.47 | 13.92 ± 1.69 | 0.0673 |
| Mother’s head circumference (cm) | 57.86 ± 0.59 | 56.84 ± 0.47 | 0.1835 |
| Mother’s education (years) | 12.90 ± 0.60 | 14.87 ± 0.47 | 0.0125 |
| Socioeconomic status (index of social position) | 56.47 ± 3.18 | 34.93 ± 2.42 | <0.0001 |
| Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (baseline visit) | 7.53 ± 1.36 | 6.00 ± 0.99 | 0.3607 |
a
NHOPI (Native Hawaii and Other Pacific Islanders)
b
AI or AN (American Indian or Alaskan Natives)