Colons of SMAR1−/− mice showed upregulation of the gut-homing markers in T cells and presents large amount of infiltrating cells during acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis. (a) Frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing α4β7 integrin and C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) in the colonic lamin propria (LP) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of SMAR1−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. (b) Flow cytometry of intracellular cytokine interleukin (IL)-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production by CD4+ T cells isolated from the colon LP and epithelium (IEL) of SMAR1−/− and WT mice after seventh day of DSS administration. (c) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α in culture supernatant of total colonic LP cells of SMAR1−/− and WT mice. P-value were calculated with Student's t-test (P<0.0007). (d) Frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells among the colon LP, epithelium (IEL) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) evaluated by flow cytometry during acute DSS colitis. (e) Absolute number of CD4+ T cells and total cells in the colon LP and epithelium (IEL) compartment. Asterisks indicate statistical significance as determined by Student's t-test (*P<0.01, **P<0.007). (f) Frequencies of neutrophil, dendritic cells in the colon LP, and epithelial compartment (IEL) are shown. The numbers in the histogram indicate the percentage of CD11c+, Gr1+ population within the gated CD4−CD8− population. The data are representative of three independent experiments with six mice per group. KO, knockout.