Figure 12.

Cataract effects. (a) Color chart as it would appear through a dense brunescent cataract. Note the loss of color distinctions, disappearance of white, and darkening of blue. (b) Photographs of Monet's lily pond at Giverny showing how it would appear thorough moderate cataract (Monet 1915–17) and dense cataract (Monet 1922). (c) Monet paintings of the lily pond in these same years. Japanese Footbridge (1899) is quite representational. Waterlilies (1915) show strong flat fields of blue, perhaps seeking distinction from the leaves. Japanese Footbridge (1922) shows not only rough application of paint, but surprisingly strong orange color. (d) Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851): The early Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort Packet-Boat from Rotterdam Becalmed (1818) is realistic in style, but suffused with yellow. The mature Dogana and Santa Maria della Salute, Venice (1843) is almost impressionistic, but still shows precise details near and far. Image details: (a) © M F Marmor. (b) Photograph of Giverny: © Elizabeth Murray, www.elizabethmurray.com. Used by permission. Simulations: Simulations, M F Marmor (From reference 14). (c) From top to bottom: 1899: Oil on canvas (81 × 102 cm). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC: Gift of Victoria Nebeker Coberliy, in memory of her son John W Mudd, and Walter H and Leonore Annenberg. 1915: Oil on canvas (151 × 201 cm). Wikimedia Commons and Foundation (photograph Schlaier): Neue Pinothek, Munich, Germany. 1922: Oil on canvas (94 × 89). Google Art Project: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, USA. (d) From top to bottom: 1818: Oil on canvas (185 × 259 cm). Google: Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT, USA. 1843: Oil on canvas (62 × 93 cm). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC: Given in memory of Governor Alvan T Fuller by the Fuller Foundation, Inc.