Figure 1.

Study design. The sleep group (group 1) completed a baseline session in the evening (20:00–20:15) prior to a sleep laboratory night with polysomnographic monitoring (23:00–07:00). The sleep deprivation group (group 2) completed the baseline session in the evening (20:00–20:15) prior to a night of total sleep deprivation with supervised and standardized activities (cooking, dinner, card games, movie, and walks). The wake group (group 3) completed the baseline session in the morning (08:00–08:15) and then followed their daily routines. In all groups, a re-test session followed after an incubation period of 12 h referred to the baseline session.