FIGURE 2.

Effect of 1 μM flavonoids and phenolic acid metabolites on TNF-α–stimulated sVCAM-1 protein secretion by HUVECs. Flavonoids (A), anthocyanin glucosides (B), unconjugated phenolic acids (C), and conjugated phenolic acids (D) are shown. Data were normalized to a TNF-α control, and columns represent the mean ± SD (n = 3 independent measures). Labeled means without a common letter differ, P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc LSD). *Different from DMSO, P ≤ 0.05 (t test). BA4G, benzoic acid-4-glucuronide; BA4S, benzoic acid-4-sulfate; C3G, cyanidin-3-glucoside; EPI, (-) epicatechin; HES, hesperetin; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; IVA, isovanillic acid; IVA3G, IVA-3-glucuronide; IVA3S, IVA-3-sulfate; LSD, least square difference; NAR, naringenin; PCA, protocatechuic acid; PCA3G, PCA-3-glucuronide; PCA3S, PCA-3-sulfate; PCA4G, PCA-4-glucuronide; PCA4S, PCA-4-sulfate; P3G, peonidin-3-glucoside; QUE, quercetin; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1; VA, vanillic acid; VA4G, VA-4-glucuronide; VA4S, VA-4-sulfate; 4HBA, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.