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. 2016 Feb 3;146(3):465–473. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.217943

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Effect of 1 μM mixtures of flavonoids and phenolic acid metabolites on TNF-α stimulated sVCAM-1 protein secretion by HUVECs. Flavonoid mixtures (A), phenolic acid mixtures (B), and conjugated and unconjugated phenolic metabolite mixtures (C) are shown. Data were normalized to a TNF-α control, and columns represent the mean ± SD (n = 3 independent measures). *Different from DMSO, P ≤ 0.05 (t test). Where unequal variance was identified (B and C), group differences were established via Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA. BA4G, benzoic acid-4-glucuronide; BA4S, benzoic acid-4-sulfate; C3G, cyanidin-3-glucoside; EPI, (-) epicatechin; HES, hesperetin; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; IVA3G, isovanillic acid-3-glucuronide; IVA3S, isovanillic acid-3-sulfate; NAR, naringenin; PCA, protocatechuic acid; PCA3G, PCA-3-glucuronide; PCA3S, PCA-3-sulfate; PCA4G, PCA-4-glucuronide; PCA4S, PCA-4-sulfate; P3G, peonidin-3-glucoside; QUE, quercetin; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1; VA, vanillic acid; VA4G, VA-4-glucuronide; VA4S, VA-4-sulfate; 4HBA, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.