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. 2016 Feb 3;146(3):465–473. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.217943

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Effect of concentration of phenolic acid metabolites on TNF-α–stimulated sVCAM-1 protein secretion by HUVECs. PCA (A), PCA3S (B), PCA4S (C), IVA (D), and IVA3G (E) are shown. Data were normalized to a TNF-α control, and columns represent the mean ± SD (n = 3 independent measures). Labeled means without a common letter differ, P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc LSD). *Different from DMSO, P ≤ 0.05 (t test). HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; IVA, isovanillic acid; IVA3G, IVA-3-glucuronide; LSD, least square difference; PCA, protocatechuic acid; PCA3S, PCA-3-sulfate; PCA4S, PCA-4-sulfate; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1.