TABLE 1.
Age-adjusted characteristics of the HPFS at baseline in 1986 (unless otherwise noted) according to quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary lycopene intake1
| Baseline dietary lycopene intake quintile, range (median) |
|||||
| ≤3861 (2764) μg/d | 3862–5439 (4670) μg/d | 5440–7196 (6258) μg/d | 7197–10,261 (8440) μg/d | ≥10,262 (13,573) μg/d | |
| n | 9707 | 9345 | 9242 | 9183 | 9242 |
| Age,2 y | 56.9 ± 9.83 | 54.4 ± 9.6 | 53.6 ± 9.5 | 53.2 ± 9.5 | 53.4 ± 9.5 |
| Height, inches | 70.2 ± 2.8 | 70.2 ± 2.8 | 70.1 ± 2.8 | 70.0 ± 2.9 | 70.0 ± 3.0 |
| BMI at age 21, kg/m2 | 22.9 ± 3.1 | 22.9 ± 2.9 | 23.0 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 3.0 | 23.2 ± 3.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 3.4 | 25.4 ± 3.2 | 25.5 ± 3.2 | 25.6 ± 3.3 | 25.8 ± 3.6 |
| White, % | 94.4 | 95.9 | 96.2 | 96.0 | 95.7 |
| Family history of prostate cancer, % | 12.9 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 10.9 |
| Diabetes, % | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.8 |
| Top quintile of physical activity (≥28.5 MET-h/wk), % | 12.5 | 13.2 | 15.6 | 16.5 | 18.1 |
| Smoking status, % | |||||
| Never | 45.7 | 46.5 | 46.5 | 48.1 | 46.1 |
| Past, quit >10 y before baseline | 28.5 | 30.4 | 30.9 | 30.6 | 32.0 |
| Past, quit ≤10 y before baseline | 13.4 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 12.5 | 12.9 |
| Current | 12.4 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 9.0 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 40.9 | 41.1 | 41.9 | 41.8 | 42.2 |
| Had PSA test,4 % | |||||
| 1994 | 36.7 | 37.6 | 38.3 | 39.3 | 37.2 |
| 2004 | 58.9 | 62.5 | 62.3 | 62.2 | 61.1 |
| Nutrient and food intakes | |||||
| Total energy, kcal/d | 2078 ± 673 | 2061 ± 587 | 1944 ± 566 | 1907 ± 635 | 1951 ± 615 |
| Calcium, mg/d | 906 ± 455 | 899 ± 414 | 895 ± 409 | 893 ± 420 | 888 ± 421 |
| α-Linolenic acid, g/d | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
| Supplemental vitamin E, mg/d | 35.2 ± 81.0 | 34.5 ± 81.0 | 37.4 ± 84.2 | 39.9 ± 87.0 | 42.3 ± 90.5 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 12.5 ± 17.8 | 11.8 ± 15.8 | 11.0 ± 14.5 | 10.5 ± 14.0 | 10.7 ± 14.5 |
| Tomatoes,5 servings/wk | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 4.2 ± 4.0 |
| Tomato juice,5 servings/wk | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 2.6 |
| Tomato sauce,5 servings/wk | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 1.9 |
| Pizza,5 servings/wk | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 1.1 |
| Coffee, cups/d | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 1.3 ± 1.6 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.5 |
1
1 inch = 0.0254 m; 1 cup = 236.588 mL. HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.
2
Not adjusted for age.
3
Mean ± SD (all such values).
4
Reported having a PSA test in the 2 y before the questionnaire date.
5
1 serving = 1 tomato; 1 small glass of tomato juice; 0.5 cup (118.294 mL) tomato sauce; 2 slices of pizza.