TABLE 1.
Maternal and child characteristics of the study population according to tertiles of maternal FPG concentrations during pregnancy (n = 661)1
| Overall (n = 661) | Tertile 1 (n = 202) | Tertile 2 (n = 215) | Tertile 3 (n = 244) | P value | |
| FPG concentrations, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.2–5.3)2 | 4.0 (3.8–4.2) | 4.6 (4.5–4.8) | 5.5 (5.2–5.9) | <0.001 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Age at index child's birth, y | 31.5 ± 4.53 | 30.9 ± 4.8 | 32.0 ± 4.3 | 31.7 ± 4.3 | 0.11 |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | 0.2 | ||||
| High | 282 (42.7) | 97 (48) | 92 (42.8) | 93 (38.1) | |
| Middle | 203 (30.7) | 53 (26.2) | 71 (33) | 79 (32.4) | |
| Low | 146 (22.1) | 45 (22.3) | 41 (19.1) | 60 (24.6) | |
| Unknown | 30 (4.5) | 7 (3.5) | 11 (5.1) | 12 (4.9) | |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <25.0 | 206 (31.2) | 92 (45.5) | 68 (31.6) | 46 (18.9) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 176 (26.6) | 52 (25.7) | 65 (30.2) | 59 (24.2) | |
| ≥30.0 | 237 (35.9) | 48 (23.8) | 67 (31.2) | 122 (50.0) | |
| Unknown | 42 (6.4) | 10 (5.0) | 15 (7.0) | 17 (7.0) | |
| Nulliparity, n (%) | 245 (38.7) | 70 (35.7) | 73 (35.6) | 102 (44.0) | 0.12 |
| Gestational age at OGTT, wk | 28.1 (22.1–32.7) | 28.3 (22.1–33.0) | 27.6 (20.6–32.4) | 27.9 (22.1–32.1) | 0.31 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 13.0 ± 7.2 | 13.4 ± 6.7 | 13.1 ± 7.2 | 12.5 ± 7.5 | 0.29 |
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 110 (16.8) | 37 (18.5) | 34 (15.8) | 39 (16.2) | 0.73 |
| Offspring characteristics | |||||
| Male, n (%) | 323 (51.0) | 106 (52.5) | 102 (47.4) | 129 (52.9) | 0.45 |
| Gestational age at delivery, wk | 39.5 ± 1.6 | 39.7 ± 1.6 | 39.6 ± 1.6 | 39.4 ± 1.6 | 0.1 |
| Birth weight, kg | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 0.006 |
| Ponderal index, kg/m3 | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 25.5 ± 2.9 | 25.4 ± 2.3 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 0.027 |
| Macrosomia (>4000 g), n (%) | 222 (33.6) | 51 (25.2) | 84 (39.1) | 87 (35.8) | 0.008 |
| Large-for-gestational age,4 n (%) | 197 (29.8) | 43 (21.3) | 73 (34.0) | 81 (33.3) | 0.006 |
| BMI-for-age z score | |||||
| Birth | 0.01 ± 1.2 | −0.2 ± 1.2 | −0.0 ± 1.1 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.015 |
| 5 mo | −0.39 ± 1.1 | −0.4 ± 1.1 | −0.4 ± 1.0 | −0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.78 |
| 12 mo | 0.28 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 0.13 |
| 7 y | 0.32 ± 1.1 | −0.0 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Overweight/obese,5 n (%) | |||||
| Birth | 109 (16.6) | 31 (15.3) | 28 (13.2) | 50 (20.7) | 0.083 |
| 5 mo | 41 (10.1) | 13 (10.9) | 11 (7.6) | 17 (12.0) | 0.45 |
| 12 mo | 92 (23.2) | 23 (19.7) | 32 (23.4) | 37 (25.9) | 0.5 |
| 7 y | 91 (25.9) | 19 (17.3) | 28 (23.7) | 44 (35.8) | 0.005 |
P values denote differences across tertiles of FPG concentrations determined by ANOVA (parametric) or Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric) for continuous variables and by χ2 test for categorical variables. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral-glucose-tolerance test.
Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).
Mean ± SD (all such values).
Defined as a birth weight greater than the sex- and gestational age–specific 90th percentile based on the entire Danish National Birth Cohort study population.
Defined as ≥85th percentile (children aged <5 y) or ≥2 SD (≥5 y) according to the WHO Child Growth Standards or WHO growth reference, respectively.