TABLE 1.
Baseline demographic and anthropometric characteristics and changes at follow-up1
| All participants (n = 23) |
Breakfast group (n = 11) |
Fasting group (n = 12) |
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| Baseline | Change from baseline | Baseline | Change from baseline | Baseline | Change from baseline | |
| Age, y | 44 ± 10 | — | 44 ± 10 | — | 44 ± 10 | — |
| Women, n (%) | 15 (65) | — | 7 (64) | — | 8 (67) | — |
| Frequent habitual breakfast consumer,2 n (%) | 14 (61) | — | 7 (64) | — | 7 (58) | — |
| Anthropometric characteristics | ||||||
| Height, m | 1.70 ± 0.10 | — | 1.71 ± 0.09 | — | 1.69 ± 0.11 | — |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.7 ± 4.9 | 0.20 (0.02, 0.38)* | 35.4 ± 6.1 | 0.33 (0.08, 0.58) | 31.9 ± 2.3 | 0.07 (−0.19, 0.34) |
| Fat mass index (DXA),3 kg/m2 | ||||||
| All | 13.3 ± 4.0 | 0.18 (−0.16, 0.52) | 14.8 ± 5.0 | 0.16 (−0.55, 0.87) | 12.0 ± 2.3 | 0.20 (−0.11, 0.52) |
| Women | 15.1 ± 3.8 | 0.23 (−0.25, 0.71) | 16.9 ± 4.5 | 0.21 (−0.84, 1.25) | 13.2 ± 1.8 | 0.25 (−0.18, 0.69) |
| Men | 9.8 ± 1.0 | 0.09 (−0.45, 0.63) | 9.9 ± 1.4 | 0.06 (−1.82, 1.94) | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 0.12 (−0.75, 0.99) |
| % Body fat (DXA) | ||||||
| All | 40.0 ± 7.5 | 0.44 (−0.49, 1.36) | 42.6 ± 8.8 | 0.31 (−1.58, 2.19) | 37.7 ± 5.6 | 0.55 (−0.39, 1.50) |
| Women | 43.4 ± 6.1 | 0.55 (−0.59, 1.68) | 46.9 ± 6.3 | 0.50 (−2.10, 3.11) | 40.3 ± 4.1 | 0.58 (−0.47, 1.63) |
| Men | 32.0 ± 2.3 | −0.00 (−1.87, 1.86) | 32.5 ± 3.4 | −0.15 (−6.72, 6.42) | 31.6 ± 1.5 | 0.11 (−2.84, 3.06) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 104 ± 11 | 0.1 (−1.3, 1.6) | 106 ± 14 | 1.2 (−1.0, 3.5) | 103 ± 7 | −1.0 (−2.9, 0.9) |
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.89 ± 0.09 | −0.00 (−0.14, 0.13) | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.91 ± 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.00) |
| Sagittal abdominal diameter, cm | 25.8 ± 2.7 | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.2) | 26.4 ± 3.2 | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | 25.2 ± 2.0 | −0.4 (−1.0, 0.2) |
| Body mass, kg | 98.2 ± 19.2 | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1)* | 103.9 ± 24.0 | 1.0 (0.2, 1.7) | 92.4 ± 11.2 | 0.2 (−0.5, 1.0) |
| Lean tissue mass (DXA),4 kg | 53.6 ± 9.2 | −0.00 (−1.0, 1.0) | 52.5 ± 7.0 | 0.2 (−1.7, 2.1) | 54.7 ± 11.0 | −0.2 (−1.3, 0.8) |
| Adipose tissue mass (DXA), kg | 37.8 ± 9.7 | 0.6 (−0.4, 1.5) | 41.8 ± 12.8 | 0.5 (−1.4, 2.5) | 34.1 ± 3.5 | 0.6 (−0.4, 1.5) |
1
Data are means ± SDs at baseline, with Δ change and 95% CIs for the response within each group. *Significant response over time (P ≤ 0.05) as examined by 2-factor ANOVA. No variable differed significantly between groups at baseline, and there were no significant treatment × time interactions. DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
2
Defined as the ingestion of ≥50 kcal within 2 h of waking on most days of the week.
3
DXA-derived fat mass index obese ranges (37) = ≥13 kg/m2 (women) and ≥9 kg/m2 (men).
4
Lean tissue mass excludes bone mineral content.