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. 2016 Feb 10;103(3):747–756. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.122044

TABLE 2.

Metabolic/regulatory responses1

All participants (n = 23)
Breakfast group (n = 11)
Fasting group (n = 12)
Baseline Change from baseline Baseline Change from baseline Baseline Change from baseline
Regulatory hormones
 Triiodothyronine (free-T3),2 pg/mL 2.91 ± 0.47 −0.04 (−0.29, 0.21) 2.83 ± 0.34 0.10 (−0.38, 0.58) 2.99 ± 0.56 −0.15 (−0.45, 0.15)
 Thyroxine (free-T4), ng/dL 1.20 ± 0.11 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 1.20 ± 0.11 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) 1.20 ± 0.12 −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)
 Leptin,2 μg/L 31.3 ± 26.9 0.8 (−4.8, 6.3) 33.8 ± 35.7 6.7 (−2.6, 15.9) 27.1 ± 17.7 −3.5 (−10.4, 3.4)
 Total ghrelin,2 pg/mL 416 ± 193 27 (−59, 113) 360 ± 177 −14 (−72, 45) 456 ± 202 57 (−95, 209)
 Acylated ghrelin,2 pg/mL 63.2 ± 36.0 2.1 (−9.3, 13.5) 55.6 ± 34.5 −3.2 (−14.8, 8.3) 68.7 ± 37.7 6.0 (−13.4, 25.4)
 Peptide YY,2 pg/mL 45.2 ± 26.9 4.2 (−2.2, 10.6) 38.9 ± 12.4 3.8 (−9.9, 17.6) 49.8 ± 33.7 4.5 (−3.1, 12.0)
 Active glucagon-like peptide-1,2 pg/mL 4.51 ± 5.96 −0.55 (−2.03, 0.93) 2.64 ± 1.20 0.03 (−0.20, 0.27) 6.37 ± 3.58 −1.13 (−4.61, 2.35)
 Adiponectin, mg/L 8.47 ± 4.03 −0.03 (−0.63, 0.58) 8.20 ± 4.73 −0.18 (−0.86, 0.50) 8.67 ± 3.68 0.08 (−0.94, 1.10)
Cardiovascular health
 Total cholesterol,2 mg/dL 205.8 ± 36.0 7.7 (1.5, 13.9)* 223.3 ± 30.6#,† 5.5 (−4.2, 15.2) 191.5 ± 34.8 9.5 (0.1, 19.0)
 HDL cholesterol,2 mg/dL 48.5 ± 9.8 0.3 (−3.0, 3.5) 48.2 ± 9.3 1.0 (−2.3, 4.3) 48.7 ± 10.6 −0.4 (−6.2, 5.5)
 LDL cholesterol,2,3 mg/dL 132.3 ± 31.7 8.4 (2.2, 14.7)* 151.1 ± 28.6 5.7 (−2.6, 14.0) 118.7 ± 27.3 10.4 (0.4, 20.4)
 Triacylglycerol,2 mg/dL 141.5 ± 79.0 −4.5 (−20.0, 11.0) 165.6 ± 98.0 −7.0 (−37.6, 23.6) 121.8 ± 56.8 −2.5 (−21.6, 16.6)
 NEFA,2 mg/dL 13.88 ± 6.63 −1.57 (−4.10, 0.96) 15.46 ± 7.68 −3.70 (−8.46, 1.07) 12.73 ± 5.86 −0.03 (−3.09, 3.03)
 IL-6,2 pg/mL 2.36 ± 2.60 −1.07 (−2.23, 0.09) 2.68 ± 3.66 −1.34 (−4.28, 1.61) 2.14 ± 1.63 −0.88 (−1.73, −0.03)
 C-reactive protein,2 mg/L 2.60 ± 1.53 0.04 (−0.56, 0.63) 3.10 ± 2.05 −0.05 (−0.89, 0.80) 2.19 ± 1.03 0.11 (−0.87, 1.08)
Metabolic control
 Fasted glucose,2 mg/dL 97.9 ± 6.4 1.6 (−1.4, 4.5) 95.3 ± 5.3 1.4 (−2.2, 5.1) 100.1 ± 6.6 1.7 (−3.6, 6.9)
 Fasted insulin,2 μIU/mL 9.71 ± 4.42 −0.14 (−2.08, 1.80) 10.54 ± 5.88 0.39 (−3.44, 4.21) 8.96 ± 2.59 −0.62 (−2.74, 1.51)
 HOMA-IR4 2.35 ± 1.02 0.02 (−0.50, 0.54) 2.46 ± 1.31 0.18 (−0.84, 1.19) 2.24 ± 0.72 −0.13 (−0.71, 0.45)
 C-ISI Matsuda index4 3.80 ± 1.60 −0.00 (−0.54, 0.54) 3.78 ± 2.05 0.05 (−0.59, 0.70) 3.81 ± 1.09 −0.05 (−1.08, 0.97)
 Insulin AUC glucose, mg · 120 min/dL 6400 ± 2118 −30 (−922, 863) 6882 ± 2449 −231 (−1745, 1283) 5917 ± 1735 171 (−1132, 1475)
1

Data are means ± SDs at baseline, with Δs and 95% CIs for the response within each group. *Significant response over time (P ≤ 0.05), #significant difference between groups at baseline (P = 0.03), and main effect of group (P ≤ 0.05) as examined by 2-factor ANOVA. There were no significant interactions for any of the variables. C-ISI, composite insulin sensitivity index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; OGTT, oral-glucose-tolerance test.

2

SI conversions: cholesterols × 0.0259 = mmol/L; triacylglycerol × 0.0113 = mmol/L; NEFA × 0.0355 = mmol/L; IL-6 × 0.131 = IU/mL; C-reactive protein × 9.524= nmol/L; glucose × 0.0555 = mmol/L; insulin × 6.0 = pmol/L; free-T3 × 1.54 = pmol/L; free-T4 × 12.87 = pmol/L; leptin × 0.0625 = nmol/L; ghrelin × 0.296 = pmol/L; peptide YY × 4.31 = pmol/L; and active glucagon-like peptide 1 × 0.303 = pmol/L.

3

Calculated with use of the Friedwald equation (LDL cholesterol = total cholesterol − HDL cholesterol − (triacylglycerol/2.2)].

4

HOMA-IR = (fasted insulin in μIU/mL × fasted glucose in mmol/L)/22.5; C-ISI Matsuda index = 10,000/SQRT (fasted glucose in mg/dL × fasted insulin in μIU/mL) × (mean glucose over 120 min OGTT mg/dL × mean insulin over 120 min OGTT in μIU/mL).