Figure 1. Effects of TL1A across leukocyte subsets.
Effects of TL1A-DR3 stimulation on various immune cell types are detailed in the text. DR3 ligation in T cells promotes proliferation and IL-2 production; enhances cytokine production, often in synergy with other stimuli; promotes Th9 differentiation while inhibiting iTreg differentiation; and may affect Th17 differentiation, although results are study-dependent. By contrast, TL1A has been reported to inhibit B cell proliferation. In ILCs, TL1A enhances signature cytokine production in synergy with canonical ILC subset stimuli. Effects of TL1A-DR3 signaling on myeloid lineage cells are less well understood, but there is evidence that TL1A synergistically enhances macrophage pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling, as well as foam cell and osteoclast differentiation.