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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cancer Res. 2015 Jun 26;13(10):1367–1376. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-14-0494

Figure 7. Endoplasmic reticulum is a joint regulatory site to integrally modulate growth or apoptosis associated pathways.

Figure 7

E2 activates IGF-1R/PI3K and its downstream signals, Akt and JNK to promote cell growth. Simultaneously, E2 activates endoplasmic reticulum stress which activates a set of signaling pathways including three sensors (PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6), inflammatory responses, caspase 4/12, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The AMPK and Akt converge on mTOR with opposing regulatory effects to coordinate bioenergetics and cell viability. IRE1α and ATF6 are involved in the degradation of Akt.