Table 2.

Questions to assess impact (the response variable) according to the evaluative framework

Impact pathway	Measured with	Questions for survey respondents (for impact 2) or expert reviewers (for impact 3, 4a, and 4b)
2: Change perspectives	Survey	What proportion of stakeholders was aware of and understood ES before the ES project? After the project?*
3: Build support	Expert scoring	How much were the science and InVEST results used to build support among stakeholders for considering ES?
		Did the ES knowledge help develop a common language among stakeholders, articulate different positions, or mediate differences?
4a: Generate action	Expert scoring	How much did draft plans or policies emerge that consider ES?
		Did proposed plans or policies consider ES?
4b: Generate action	Expert scoring	Did a plan, policy, or finance mechanism to enhance, conserve, or restore ES become established?

^*In the survey, we primed respondents to think about how much stakeholders were focused on and paying attention to ES, and defined “stakeholders” as “people or groups with an interest or concern in policy decisions that affect ES (for example, individual landowners, conservation NGOs, private businesses).”