Figure 3.

Synergistic bronchodilator effect from the simultaneous blockade of M₂/M₃ receptors and the activation of β₂-adrenoceptors.

Notes: Gray columns indicate the effect of saline or tiotropium on ACh-induced bronchoconstriction in the absence of carmoterol (control) in anesthetized guinea pigs. **P,0.01 and ***P,0.001 versus corresponding control. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean of six to eight different animals. Adapted from Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol 20, Issue 3, Rossoni G, Manfredi B, Razzetti R, Civelli M, Berti F, Positive interac tion of the novel β₂-agonist carmoterol and tiotropium bromide in the control of airway changes induced by different challenges in guinea-pigs. Pages 250–257, Copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier.⁴⁷

Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; ITP, intratracheal pressure; iv, intravenous.