Table 2.
Clinical and economic outcomes associated with postoperative hyperglycemia
| Outcome | No DM |
NITDM |
ITDM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No hyperglycemia | Hyperglycemia | No hyperglycemia | Hyperglycemia | No hyperglycemia | Hyperglycemia | |
| Hospital costs (U.S. $) | ||||||
| Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | 28,987 (27,850 to 30,246) | 38,664 (36,537 to 40,856) | 31,264 (28,134 to 34,744) | 34,835 (31,845 to 38,730) | 55,004 (45,104 to 67,403) | 39,599 (35,072 to 44,371) |
| Adjusted incremental (95% CI)* | Reference | 3,192 (1,972 to 4,456) | Reference | 2,151 (−572 to 5,034) | Reference | −6,225 (−12,886 to −222) |
| Hospital LOS (days) | ||||||
| Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | 8.7 (8.4 to 9.1) | 11.3 (10.7 to 11.9) | 9.7 (8.9 to 10.5) | 10.7 (9.9 to 11.7) | 16.6 (14.0 to 19.9) | 12.4 (11.2 to 13.7) |
| Adjusted incremental (95% CI)* | Reference | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) | Reference | 0.6 (−0.2 to 1.5) | Reference | −1.6 (−3.7 to 0.4) |
| Composite clinical end point | ||||||
| Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | 0.262 (0.243 to 0.280) | 0.310 (0.284 to 0.338) | 0.310 (0.241 to 0.378) | 0.406 (0.358 to 0.456) | 0.430 (0.342 to 0.519) | 0.305 (0.254 to 0.365) |
| Adjusted incremental (95% CI)* | Reference | 0.038 (0.010 to 0.067) | Reference | 0.126 (0.050 to 0.204) | Reference | −0.052 (−0.140 to 0.039) |
| Major infections | ||||||
| Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | 0.019 (0.013 to 0.025) | 0.040 (0.030 to 0.051) | 0.023 (0.005 to 0.048) | 0.037 (0.019 to 0.057) | 0.061 (0.019 to 0.112) | 0.020 (0.006 to 0.036) |
| Adjusted incremental (95% CI)** | Reference | 0.016 (0.005 to 0.028) | Reference | 0.012 (−0.021 to 0.040) | Reference | −0.041 (−0.091 to 0.000) |
| Cardiac complications | ||||||
| Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | 0.150 (0.136 to 0.165) | 0.178 (0.157 to 0.199) | 0.161 (0.110 to 0.217) | 0.222 (0.181 to 0.260) | 0.193 (0.124 to 0.270) | 0.164 (0.125 to 0.211) |
| Adjusted incremental (95% CI)** | Reference | 0.016 (−0.010 to 0.042) | Reference | 0.049 (−0.018 to 0.118) | Reference | −0.037 (−0.123 to 0.042) |
| Respiratory complications | ||||||
| Unadjusted mean (95% CI) | 0.133 (0.086 to 0.111) | 0.166 (0.107 to 0.144) | 0.190 (0.133 to 0.250) | 0.232 (0.193 to 0.276) | 0.307 (0.222 to 0.395) | 0.180 (0.138 to 0.227) |
| Adjusted incremental (95% CI)** | Reference | 0.026 (0.000 to 0.053) | Reference | 0.042 (−0.034 to 0.114) | Reference | −0.125 (−0.224 to −0.030) |
DM, diabetes mellitus.
*Adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, white blood cell count, GFR, hemoglobin, history of heart failure, renal insufficiency, ejection fraction, prior cardiac surgery, history of lung disease, corticosteroids, surgery time, sternotomy performed yes/no, surgery type, procedure, and study site.
**Adjusted for age, sex, and procedure.