Table 1.
Characteristics at years 5 and 25 among women in whom GDM later developed or did not during follow-up
| Year 5 |
Year 25 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM (n = 64) | No GDM (n = 545) | P value | GDM (n = 64) | No GDM (n = 545) | P value | |
| Age, years | 28.5 (3.9) | 28.8 (3.5) | 0.599 | 48.6 (3.8) | 48.9 (3.6) | 0.522 |
| Race | 0.350 | 0.350 | ||||
| White | 51.6 | 58.2 | 51.6 | 58.2 | ||
| Black | 48.4 | 41.8 | 48.4 | 41.8 | ||
| High school education or less | 25.0 | 19.6 | 0.324 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 0.835 |
| Parity | 0.896 | 0.781 | ||||
| None | 57.8 | 58.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| One | 28.1 | 24.4 | 20.3 | 24.2 | ||
| Two | 9.4 | 11.4 | 45.3 | 43.7 | ||
| Three or more | 4.7 | 5.5 | 34.4 | 32.1 | ||
| Current oral contraceptive use | 31.3 | 39.8 | 0.223 | 29.7 | 20.4 | 0.106 |
| Current cigarette use | 28.1 | 21.1 | 0.203 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 0.947 |
| Current marijuana use | 15.6 | 11.9 | 0.420 | 7.8 | 8.6 | 0.826 |
| Current alcohol use | 84.4 | 85.1 | 0.854 | 70.3 | 82.4 | 0.027 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 67.0 (9.0) | 67.7 (9.9) | 0.618 | 67.2 (10.9) | 66.5 (10.4) | 0.641 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 103.3 (10.0) | 103.0 (9.5) | 0.802 | 114.1 (13.1) | 114.2 (14.9) | 0.966 |
| Blood pressure medication use | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.284 | 23.4 | 18.3 | 0.325 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 176.1 (37.5) | 177.8 (30.5) | 0.731 | 191.7 (43.9) | 194.3 (34.6) | 0.650 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.9 (13.3) | 59.0 (13.8) | 0.099 | 61.0 (21.5) | 64.2 (19.4) | 0.221 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 105.3 (34.8) | 105.4 (28.6) | 0.981 | 109.4 (39.0) | 111.0 (30.4) | 0.740 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL* | 72.3 (41.3) | 64.8 (33.7) | 0.215 | 106.3 (52.5) | 96.3 (66.7) | 0.074 |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.1 | 9.2 | 0.211 | |
| Body surface area | 1.7 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.2) | 0.655 | 1.9 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.2) | 0.963 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 (6.8) | 24.7 (5.7) | 0.171 | 30.0 (7.3) | 29.3 (7.6) | 0.471 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 77.5 (14.5) | 75.2 (11.3) | 0.227 | 90.6 (16.1) | 88.3 (15.6) | 0.270 |
| Physical activity, exercise units | 290 (242) | 318 (258) | 0.421 | 303.2 (275) | 299.8 (254) | 0.924 |
| High sensitive C-reactive protein, μg/mL† | 3.5 (4.3) | 3.5 (7.2) | 0.980 | 3.5 (4.7) | 3.1 (5.0) | 0.054 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 8.5 (3.8) | 8.0 (3.3) | 0.250 | 13.6 (32.3) | 9.7 (7.1) | 0.341 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL‡ | 81.3 (9.6) | 79.0 (7.4) | 0.063 | 104.6 (34.8) | 92.7 (20.3) | 0.009 |
| 2-h oral glucose, mg/dL§ | 101.1 (21.6) | 97.5 (36.9) | 0.455 | 132.3 (49.0) | 104.2 (40.2) | 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % (mmol/mol) | 6.0 (42) | 5.5 (37) | 0.001 | |||
| Diabetes | 0.0 | 0.0 | 29.7 | 6.1 | 0.001 | |
| Family history of diabetes | 26.6 | 14.1 | 0.016 | 60.3 | 40.4 | 0.003 |
| Family history of CHD | 12.5 | 15.2 | 0.711 | 31.7 | 31.4 | 0.960 |
Values are reported as the mean (SD) for continuous variables and % for categorical variables, unless otherwise indicated.
*The P value from logged analyses.
†Values measured at year 7 were substituted for year 5.
‡Values measured at year 0 were substituted for year 5.
§First measured at CARDIA study year 10.