Table I.
Operating conditions for welding in the study
| Process | Shield gas | Wire feed rate mm min−1 [in min−1] | Travel rate mm min−1 [in min−1] | Voltage (Volts) | Current (Amperes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface Tension Transfer® (STT) | He/Ar/CO2 90/7.5/2.5% | 3050 [120] | 360 [14] | 19 | 215 peak |
| Regulated Metal Deposition® (RMD) | He/Ar/CO2 90/7.5/2.5% | 3175 [125] | 380 [15] | 19 | 90–100 |
| Cold Metal Transfer® (CMT) | He/Ar/CO2 90/7.5/2.5% | 5840 [230] | 380 [15] | 14–20 | 130–140 |
| Short-Circuit (SC) | Ar/O2 99/1% | 3175 [125] | 360 [14] | 15.5 | 125 |
| Short-Circuit (SC) | Ar/CO2 99/1% | 3175 [125] | 360 [14] | 15.5 | 125 |
| Short-Circuit (SC) | He/Ar/CO2 90/7.5/2.5% | 3175 [125] | 360 [14] | 19.5 | 110 |
| Axial Spray (AXS) | Ar/CO2 99/1% | 7620 [300] | 510 [20] | 25 | 240 |
| Axial Spray (AXS) | Ar/O2 99/1% | 7620 [300] | 510 [20] | 24.5 | 220–250 |
| Pulsed Spray (AX-P or GMAW-P) | Ar/O2 98/2% | 7620 [300] | 510 [20] | 0.9 V trim | 175 |
| Flux-cored (FCAW) | Ar/CO2 75/25% | 6350 [250] | 635 [25] | 26 | 160 |
| Shielded Metal Arc (SMAW) | - | 3580 [141] | 360 [14] | 20 | 125–150 |