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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Indic Res. 2015 Jan 21;125(3):813–851. doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-0870-4

Table 4.

Estimates for Adjusted Spatial Regressions of District-level Investments into Primary Schooling on Women’s Political Representation (WPR), N=316 District Composites by REGION in India

% general (non-SC/ST) SLA seats held by women % reserved (SC/ST) SLA seats held by women R F2
(full)2 		R R2
(restrict)3 		% RF2
accounted
for by WPR
Linear Quadratic Linear Quadratic
β (SE) P(βS=βN)˔ β (SE) P(βS=βN) p > F β (SE) P(βS=βN) β (SE) P(βS=βN) p > F
South India (n=83)
Inputs into primary-school amenities
 % of government schools established since 2003 −0.137 (0.156) −0.002 (0.006) −0.067 (0.034) 0.000 (0.001) 0.31 0.23 26.69
 % of primary-only schools with a building 0.060 (0.123) −0.001 (0.005) 0.008 (0.036) * 0.000 (0.001) * 0.09 0.09 0.70
 % of primary-only schools with pucca or cement building −1.372 (0.003) 0.080 (0.006) * −0.464 (0.199) * 0.002 (0.003) † 0.37 0.29 21.07
 % of primary-only schools with more than one classroom −0.138 (0.264) 0.005 (0.008) 0.114 (0.143) −0.002 (0.003) 0.44 0.43 2.37
 % of primary-only schools with classrooms in good condition or not needing repair −0.416 (0.063) 0.015 (0.002) † 0.173 (0.013) −0.004 (0.001) † * 0.43 0.34 21.71
 % of primary-only schools with drinking water 0.327 (0.155) −0.018 (0.005) 0.607 (0.120) −0.009 (0.002) 0.39 0.29 27.05
 % of primary-only schools with a common toilet −0.152 (0.737) 0.014 (0.028) 0.144 (0.060) −0.002 (0.000) 0.41 0.40 3.36
 % of primary-only schools with a girls’ toilet −0.856 (0.167) 0.050 (0.006) 0.176 (0.023) −0.003 (0.001) † 0.62 0.59 3.97
 % of primary-only schools with a kitchen −0.559 (0.268) 0.022 (0.006) 0.883 (0.187) † −0.011 (0.003) * 0.28 0.19 34.35
 % of primary-only schools with pre-primary programs −0.825 (0.057) 0.027 (0.001) * −0.273 (0.043) 0.000 (0.001) * 0.47 0.39 18.77
 Number of classrooms per 100 pupils in primary-only schools −0.067 (0.040) 0.003 (0.002) † 0.001 (0.006) ** 0.000 (0.000) *** 0.19 0.13 29.22
 Principal Component 1 - Primary-school amenities4 −0.035 (0.010) 0.002 (0.000) 0.030 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000) * 0.58 0.48 17.19
Inputs into primary-school-teacher quantity and quality
 % of primary-only schools with more than one teacher 0.247 (0.091) −0.008 (0.006) 0.062 (0.056) 0.000 (0.001) 0.27 0.25 9.73
 % of primary-only schools with at least one female teacher −0.382 (0.003) 0.010 (0.002) ** 0.128 (0.103) −0.001 (0.001) 0.59 0.58 2.30
 % of para-teachers in primary-only schools who are female 1.125 (0.266) −0.037 (0.006) * 0.877 (0.195) * −0.010 (0.003) 0.20 0.14 29.22
 % of teachers in primary-only schools who are regular or permanent teachers −0.305 (0.118) 0.011 (0.004) −0.030 (0.014) ** 0.000 (0.000) ** 0.42 0.39 6.93
 % of teachers in primary-only schools with at least secondary school qualifications −0.039 (0.009) 0.002 (0.000) −0.023 (0.010) ** 0.000 (0.000) * 0.40 0.37 8.50
 % of teachers in primary-only schools with in-service training 0.766 (0.124) −0.028 (0.003) † 0.810 (0.328) −0.010 (0.005) 0.44 0.36 17.78
 % of female teachers in primary-only schools with in-service training −0.368 (0.081) 0.010 (0.006) 0.486 (0.161) * −0.007 (0.002) * 0.64 0.60 5.69
 % of teachers in primary-only schools with graduate qualifications 0.918 (0.018) −0.043 (0.002) * 0.402 (0.172) * −0.004 (0.003) * 0.32 0.27 15.73
 Number of teachers per 100 pupils in primary-only schools −0.053 (0.022) 0.003 (0.001) −0.009 (0.004) * 0.000 (0.000) † 0.22 0.19 15.79
 Principal Component 2 -Teacher quantity and quality in primary-only schools5 −0.004 (0.009) 0.000 (0.000) 0.043 (0.014) *** −0.001 (0.000) *** 0.56 0.53 5.43
North India (n=233)
Inputs into primary-school amenities
 % of government schools established since 2003 0.020 (0.267) −0.003 (0.006) −0.102 (0.077) 0.001 (0.001) 0.17 0.16 5.11
 % of primary-only schools with a building −0.375 (0.099) 0.006 (0.002) * 0.024 (0.053) * 0.000 (0.001) * 0.24 0.20 14.84
 % of primary-only schools with pucca or cement building −0.722 (0.379) 0.014 (0.010) ** 0.023 (0.130) * 0.000 (0.002) † 0.45 0.43 3.75
 % of primary-only schools with more than one classroom −0.096 (0.110) 0.000 (0.002) −0.069 (0.105) 0.001 (0.001) 0.07 0.06 9.76
 % of primary-only schools with classrooms in good condition or not needing repair −0.348 (0.346) 0.004 (0.008) *** −0.135 (0.135) 0.001 (0.001) † 0.41 0.39 3.95
 % of primary-only schools with drinking water −0.339 (0.223) 0.003 (0.004) 0.152 (0.086) −0.001 (0.001) 0.20 0.17 16.38
 % of primary-only schools with a common toilet −0.432 (0.272) 0.008 (0.003) † 0.324 (0.206) −0.004 (0.002) * 0.11 0.09 12.35
 % of primary-only schools with a girls’ toilet −0.445 (0.432) 0.004 (0.008) * 0.262 (0.264) −0.003 (0.004) 0.31 0.29 5.06
 % of primary-only schools with a kitchen −0.258 (0.459) 0.002 (0.008) 0.241 (0.154) † −0.002 (0.001) * 0.08 0.06 16.93
 % of primary-only schools with pre-primary programs −0.856 (0.175) 0.017 (0.002) *** 0.208 (0.194) −0.003 (0.002) 0.22 0.20 11.25
 Number of classrooms per 100 pupils in primary-only schools −0.044 (0.027) 0.000 (0.000) † −0.038 (0.019) ** 0.000 (0.000) *** 0.35 0.33 7.83
 Principal Component 1 - Primary-school amenities4 −0.038 (0.039) 0.001 (0.001) 0.015 (0.009) 0.000 (0.000) 0.32 0.30 4.99
Inputs into primary-school-teacher quantity and quality
 % of primary-only schools with more than one teacher 0.093 (0.108) −0.002 (0.003) 0.189 (0.083) −0.002 (0.001) * 0.10 0.09 11.80
 % of primary-only schools with at least one female teacher −0.156 (0.089) 0.004 (0.003) 0.107 (0.056) −0.002 (0.001) 0.14 0.13 7.66
 % of para-teachers in primary-only schools who are female 0.333 (0.410) −0.004 (0.013) * 0.353 (0.061) * −0.004 (0.001) * 0.10 0.07 28.44
 % of teachers in primary-only schools who are regular or permanent teachers 0.587 (0.329) −0.007 (0.006) * −0.015 (0.109) ** 0.001 (0.001) ** * 0.17 0.12 33.49
 % of teachers in primary-only schools with at least secondary school qualifications −0.008 (0.049) −0.001 (0.001) 0.030 (0.024) ** 0.000 (0.000) * † 0.26 0.25 4.18
 % of teachers in primary-only schools with in-service training 0.147 (0.452) −0.003 (0.010) 0.022 (0.299) −0.001 (0.004) 0.12 0.12 3.41
 % of female teachers in primary-only schools with in-service training −0.216 (0.125) 0.004 (0.004) 0.137 (0.069) * −0.002 (0.001) * 0.21 0.20 8.21
 % of teachers in primary-only schools with graduate qualifications −0.296 (0.262) 0.005 (0.006) −0.048 (0.115) * 0.001 (0.001) * 0.27 0.25 8.31
 Number of teachers per 100 pupils in primary-only schools −0.031 (0.039) 0.000 (0.001) −0.034 (0.012) * 0.000 (0.000) † 0.29 0.28 6.28
 Principal Component 2 -Teacher quantity and quality in primary-only schools5 0.018 (0.023) 0.000 (0.001) 0.008 (0.006) *** 0.000 (0.000) *** 0.32 0.31 2.42

Note. Robust standard errors, adjusting for regional clustering, are in parentheses. SCST=Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe. SLA=State Legislative Assembly. All estimates from the full (adjusted) models include controls for the percentage of the district’s: population living in urban areas, decennial growth rate, rate of literacy among females aged 7 years or older, percentage of the population Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST), and female-to-male ratio of children 0 - 6 years. All estimates in restricted models include only the control variables in full models.

1

Significance of difference in coefficients for variables in South versus North India.

2

Full model: Both WPR and control variables.

3

Restricted model: Only control variables.

4

See foonote 2 of Table 1 for the subset of indicators included in Principal Component 1.

5

See foonote 3 of Table 1 for the subset of indicators included in Principal Component 2.

†

p ≤ 0.10,

*

p ≤ 0.05,

**

p ≤ 0.01,

***

p ≤ 0.001