Table 5.

Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for total meat intake by smoking and joint effects in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study ¹,²

Smoking status		Quintile of daily meat intake (g/1,000 kcal)					P trend3
		1	2	3	4	5
Men and Women Combined4	Stratified by smoking
	Never (n=411)	1.00 (reference)	0.96 (0.72–1.29)	0.79 (0.58–1.08)	0.94 (0.69–1.27)	0.90 (0.66–1.23)	0.53
	Former (n=736)	1.00 (reference)	1.19 (0.93–1.52)	1.20 (0.94–1.53)	1.22 (0.95–1.56)	1.45 (1.14–1.83)	0.004
	Current (n=224)	1.00 (reference)	0.80 (0.52–1.24)	0.94 (0.61–1.43)	0.89 (0.58–1.36)	1.15 (0.76–1.73)	0.33
	Joint Effects
	Never	1.00 (reference)	0.97 (0.72–1.29)	0.79 (0.58–1.08)	0.94 (0.69–1.26)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)
	Former	1.58 (0.99–2.53)	1.90 (1.20–3.01)	1.91 (1.20–3.03)	1.94 (1.22–3.09)	2.32 (1.46–3.67)
	Current	2.43 (1.64–3.60)	1.94 (1.29–2.92)	2.26 (1.53–3.35)	2.14 (1.44–3.17)	2.77 (1.91–4.01)
Men	Stratified by smoking
	Never (n=215)	1.00 (reference)	0.91 (0.61–1.35)	0.69 (0.45–1.06)	0.75 (0.49–1.14)	0.75 (0.49–1.15)	0.14
	Former (n=522)	1.00 (reference)	1.25 (0.94–1.66)	1.19 (0.89–1.59)	1.10 (0.81–1.49)	1.44 (1.08–1.92)	0.04
	Current (n=127)	1.00 (reference)	0.98 (0.53–1.79)	1.12 (0.62–2.03)	1.11 (0.61–2.01)	1.55 (0.88–2.73)	0.08
	Joint Effects
	Never	1.00 (reference)	0.94 (0.63–1.39)	0.72 (0.47–1.10)	0.79 (0.52–1.20)	0.81 (0.53–1.23)
	Former	1.73 (0.96–3.11)	2.14 (1.20–3.84)	2.04 (1.14–3.67)	1.89 (1.05–3.41)	2.47 (1.38–4.42)
	Current	2.38 (1.41–4.03)	2.20 (1.29–3.75)	2.50 (1.50–4.18)	2.42 (1.46–4.02)	3.33 (2.10–5.28)
Women	Stratified by smoking
	Never (n=196)	1.00 (reference)	1.03 (0.67–1.59)	0.92 (0.58–1.45)	1.18 (0.77–1.83)	1.09 (0.69–1.72)	0.57
	Former (n=214)	1.00 (reference)	1.04 (0.65–1.68)	1.21 (0.77–1.92)	1.50 (0.96–2.33)	1.45 (0.93–2.27)	0.03
	Current (n=97)	1.00 (reference)	0.66 (0.35–1.24)	0.79 (0.43–1.44)	0.71 (0.38–1.33)	0.81 (0.44–1.50)	0.67
	Joint Effects
	Never	1.00 (reference)	1.01 (0.65–1.55)	0.89 (0.57–1.39)	1.13 (0.74–1.73)	1.02 (0.65–1.61)
	Former	1.10 (0.49–2.45)	1.16 (0.52–2.58)	1.36 (0.62–3.00)	1.68 (0.77–3.67)	1.63 (0.75–3.55)
	Current	1.94 (1.02–3.66)	1.32 (0.67–2.59)	1.58 (0.83–3.03)	1.44 (0.74–2.79)	1.65 (0.86–3.17)

¹Cohort that successfully completed the meat module and smoking questions on the RFQ: n=312,033 subjects (1,371 cases), 180,666 men (864 cases), and 131,367 women (507 cases).

²Cox proportional hazard models used to calculate hazard ratios with age as the time metric. All nutrients are adjusted for energy by the density method with energy also in the model. Models are additionally adjusted for smoking (never, quit ≥10 y, quit 5 to 9 y ago, quit 1 to 4 y ago, quit <1 y ago or current and smoked ≤20 cigarettes/day, quit <1 y ago or current and smoked >20 cigarettes/day, and missing), BMI (kg/m², <18.5, ≥18.5 and <25, ≥25 and <30, ≥30 and <35, ≥35, and missing), self-reported diabetes (yes, no), and energy-adjusted saturated fat (continuous). P value for interaction by smoking: men and women combined = 0.07, men = 0.01, women = 0.99.

³P trend calculated using median values for each quintile

⁴Sex combined models additionally adjusted for sex.