Table 4. Comparison of Triggers between Migraines and Non-migraine headaches on the Smartphone Application-based Electronic Headache Diary.
| Triggers | NMH (N = 763) | Migraine (N = 336) | P-value* | Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odd ratio (95% confidence interval) | P-value | ||||
| Stress | 24.0% | 36.0% | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | <0.001 |
| Excessive sleep | 2.2% | 2.4% | 0.88 | NA | |
| Sleep deprivation | 18.6% | 24.4% | 0.03 | NA | |
| Exercise | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.78 | NA | |
| Fatigue | 19.9% | 22.3% | 0.37 | NA | |
| Hormonal changes | 6.8% | 18.5% | <0.001 | 3.5 (2.3–5.2) | <0.001 |
| Emotional changes | 5.1% | 7.4% | 0.13 | NA | |
| Weather changes | 10.8% | 8.0% | 0.17 | NA | |
| Sunlight | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.73 | NA | |
| Noise | 2.6% | 8.0% | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.4–4.9) | 0.002 |
| Odors | 3.9% | 9.2% | <0.001 | NA | |
| Fasting | 4.5% | 8.9% | 0.003 | NA | |
| Overeating | 1.3% | 4.5% | 0.001 | 2.4 (1.1–5.7) | 0.009 |
| Caffeine | 2.2% | 2.4% | 0.88 | NA | |
| Smoking | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.73 | NA | |
| Alcohol | 2.2% | 6.3% | <0.001 | 2.5 (1.3–5.0) | 0.009 |
| Cheese/chocolate | 0% | 1.5% | 0.003 | NA | |
| Traveling | 0.8% | 3.3% | 0.002 | 6.4 (1.2–10.2) | 0.003 |
| Stress*Hormonal changes = 0 | 24.0% | 38.1% | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 0.03 |
| Stress*Hormonal changes = 1 | 31.9% | 23.7% | 0.31 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | |
| Noise*Travel = 0 | 2.4% | 8.1% | <0.001 | 2.8 (1.4–5.4) | 0.01 |
| Noise*Travel = 1 | 42.9% | 10.0% | 0.12 | 0.1 (0.1–1.2) | |
* Chi-square analysis
NMH, Non-migraine Headaches; NA, not available due lack of inclusion in the stepwise multiple regression analysis